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Counterfactual inference provides a mathematical framework for reasoning about hypothetical outcomes under alternative interventions, bridging causal reasoning and predictive modeling. We present a counterfactual inference framework for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Jingya Cheng , Alaleh Azhir , Jiazi Tian , Hossein Estiri

Automated radiology report generation is essential for improving diagnostic efficiency and reducing the workload of medical professionals. However, existing methods face significant challenges, such as disease class imbalance and…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-11 Qin Zhou , Guoyan Liang , Xindi Li , Jingyuan Chen , Wang Zhe , Chang Yao , Sai Wu

Counterfactual image generation enables controlled data augmentation, bias mitigation, and disease modeling. However, existing methods guided by external classifiers or regressors are limited to subject-level factors (e.g., age) and fail to…

Edge classification, a crucial task for graph applications, remains relatively under-explored compared to link prediction. Current methods often overlook the potential causal influences of node features on edge features, leading to a loss…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Duanyu Feng , Li Ding , Hongru Liang , Wenqiang Lei

Recent advances in large foundation models, such as the Segment Anything Model (SAM), have demonstrated considerable promise across various tasks. Despite their progress, these models still encounter challenges in specialized medical image…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Wenxue Li , Xinyu Xiong , Peng Xia , Lie Ju , Zongyuan Ge

We describe an encoding scheme for discourse structure and reference, based on the TEI Guidelines and the recommendations of the Corpus Encoding Specification (CES). A central feature of the scheme is a CES-based data architecture enabling…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2009-09-16 Dan Cristea , Nancy Ide , Laurent Romary

Current methods of toxic language detection (TLD) typically rely on specific tokens to conduct decisions, which makes them suffer from lexical bias, leading to inferior performance and generalization. Lexical bias has both "useful" and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Junyu Lu , Bo Xu , Xiaokun Zhang , Kaiyuan Liu , Dongyu Zhang , Liang Yang , Hongfei Lin

Machine learning models, particularly deep neural networks, have demonstrated strong performance in classifying complex time series data. However, their black-box nature limits trust and adoption, especially in high-stakes domains such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Justin Li , Efe Sencan , Jasper Zheng Duan , Vitus J. Leung , Stephen Tsaur , Ayse K. Coskun

Recognizing the need for explainable AI (XAI) approaches to enable the successful integration of AI-based ECG prediction models (AI-ECG) into clinical practice, we introduce a framework generating \textbf{Co}unter\textbf{F}actual…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Jong-Hwan Jang , Junho Song , Yong-Yeon Jo

Shape graphs are complex geometrical structures commonly found in biological and anatomical systems. A shape graph is a collection of nodes, some connected by curvilinear edges with arbitrary shapes. Their high complexity stems from the…

Computation · Statistics 2024-09-17 Benjamin Beaudett , Anuj Srivastava

The analysis of retinal images for the diagnosis of various diseases is one of the emerging areas of research. Recently, the research direction has been inclined towards investigating several changes in retinal blood vessels in subjects…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-10 Mehwish Mehmood , Shahzaib Iqbal , Tariq Mahmood Khan , Ivor Spence , Muhammad Fahim

Deciphering language from brain activity is a crucial task in brain-computer interface (BCI) research. Non-invasive cerebral signaling techniques including electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) are becoming…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Yiqian Yang , Hyejeong Jo , Yiqun Duan , Qiang Zhang , Jinni Zhou , Xuming Hu , Won Hee Lee , Renjing Xu , Hui Xiong

Text-to-image generation has been increasingly applied in medical domains for various purposes such as data augmentation and education. Evaluating the quality and clinical reliability of these generated images is essential. However,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Robert Cronshaw , Konstantinos Vilouras , Junyu Yan , Yuning Du , Feng Chen , Steven McDonagh , Sotirios A. Tsaftaris

With the ongoing rise of machine learning, the need for methods for explaining decisions made by artificial intelligence systems is becoming a more and more important topic. Especially for image classification tasks, many state-of-the-art…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-10 Silvan Mertes , Tobias Huber , Katharina Weitz , Alexander Heimerl , Elisabeth André

Effective retinal vessel segmentation requires a sophisticated integration of global contextual awareness and local vessel continuity. To address this challenge, we propose the Graph Capsule Convolution Network (GCC-UNet), which merges…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-19 Xinxu Wei , Xi Lin , Haiyun Liu , Shixuan Zhao , Yongjie Li

Graph foundation models represent a transformative paradigm for learning transferable representations across diverse graph domains. Recent methods leverage large language models to unify graph and text modalities into a shared…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Heng Zhang , Tianyi Zhang , Yuling Shi , Xiaodong Gu , Yaomin Shen , Haochen You , Zijian Zhang , Yilei Yuan , Jin Huang

Retinal vessel segmentation is a crucial step in diagnosing and screening various diseases, including diabetes, ophthalmologic diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. In this paper, we propose an effective and efficient method for vessel…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-09-24 Zhun Fan , Jiajie Mo , Benzhang Qiu , Wenji Li , Guijie Zhu , Chong Li , Jianye Hu , Yibiao Rong , Xinjian Chen

Ophthalmic images may contain identical-looking pathologies that can cause failure in automated techniques to distinguish different retinal degenerative diseases. Additionally, reliance on large annotated datasets and lack of knowledge…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-08-02 Sharif Amit Kamran , Khondker Fariha Hossain , Alireza Tavakkoli , Stewart Lee Zuckerbrod , Salah A. Baker

We propose a novel tensor-on-tensor modeling framework that flexibly models nonlinear voxel-level relationships using Gaussian process (GP) priors, while incorporating the spatial structure of the output tensor through low-rank tensor-based…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-10 Yajie Liu , Hengrui Luo , Suprateek Kundu

Among the research efforts to segment the retinal vasculature from fundus images, deep learning models consistently achieve superior performance. However, this data-driven approach is very sensitive to domain shifts. For fundus images, such…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-07-04 Dewei Hu , Xing Yao , Jiacheng Wang , Yuankai K. Tao , Ipek Oguz