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Implicit in-context learning (ICL) has newly emerged as a promising paradigm that simulates ICL behaviors in the representation space of Large Language Models (LLMs), aiming to attain few-shot performance at zero-shot cost. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Jiaqian Li , Yanshu Li , Ligong Han , Ruixiang Tang , Wenya Wang

Machine learning architectures, including transformers and recurrent neural networks (RNNs) have revolutionized forecasting in applications ranging from text processing to extreme weather. Notably, advanced network architectures, tuned for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Hunter S. Heidenreich , Pantelis R. Vlachas , Petros Koumoutsakos

Large Language Models (LLMs), already shown to ace various unstructured text comprehension tasks, have also remarkably been shown to tackle table (structured) comprehension tasks without specific training. Building on earlier studies of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Kushal Raj Bhandari , Sixue Xing , Soham Dan , Jianxi Gao

Answering multi-hop reasoning questions requires retrieving and synthesizing information from diverse sources. Language models (LMs) struggle to perform such reasoning consistently. We propose an approach to pinpoint and rectify multi-hop…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Mansi Sakarvadia

Geometric Attention (GA) specifies an attention layer by four independent inputs: a finite carrier (what indices are addressable), an evidence-kernel rule (how masked proto-scores and a link induce nonnegative weights), a probe family…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Luis Rosario Freytes

Cross-attention patterns in neural machine translation (NMT) are widely used to study how multilingual models align linguistic structure. We report a systematic artifact in cross-attention analysis of NLLB-200 (600M): non-content tokens -…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Hillary Mutisya , John Mugane

Despite significant achievements in improving the instruction-following capabilities of large language models (LLMs), the ability to process multiple potentially entangled or conflicting instructions remains a considerable challenge.…

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is a framework for grounding Large Language Models (LLMs) in external, up-to-date information. However, recent advancements in context window size allow LLMs to process inputs of up to 128K tokens or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Seongwoong Shim , Myunsoo Kim , Jae Hyeon Cho , Byung-Jun Lee

The computational burden of attention in long-context language models has motivated two largely independent lines of work: sparse attention mechanisms that reduce complexity by attending to selected tokens, and gated attention variants that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Alfred Shen , Aaron Shen

Understanding the decision-making processes of large language models (LLMs) is essential for their trustworthy development and deployment. However, current interpretability methods often face challenges such as low resolution and high…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Tian Lan , Jinyuan Xu , Xue He , Jenq-Neng Hwang , Lei Li

Attention mechanisms have become a core component of deep learning models, with Channel Attention and Spatial Attention being the two most representative architectures. Current research on their fusion strategies primarily bifurcates into…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Zhongming Liu , Bingbing Jiang

Continual learning (CL) enables animals to learn new tasks without erasing prior knowledge. CL in artificial neural networks (NNs) is challenging due to catastrophic forgetting, where new learning degrades performance on older tasks. While…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Haozhe Shan , Qianyi Li , Haim Sompolinsky

Recent Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated significant progress in perceiving and reasoning over multimodal inquiries, ushering in a new research era for foundation models. However, vision-language misalignment in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Wei-Yao Wang , Zhao Wang , Helen Suzuki , Yoshiyuki Kobayashi

We study how large language models recall relational knowledge during text generation, with a focus on identifying latent representations suitable for relation classification via linear probes. Prior work shows how attention heads and MLPs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Nicholas Popovič , Michael Färber

To explain NLP models a popular approach is to use importance measures, such as attention, which inform input tokens are important for making a prediction. However, an open question is how well these explanations accurately reflect a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-02 Andreas Madsen , Nicholas Meade , Vaibhav Adlakha , Siva Reddy

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) demonstrate strong performance across visual tasks, but their efficiency is hindered by significant computational and memory demands from processing long contexts in multimodal inputs. To address…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Yingen Liu , Fan Wu , Ruihui Li , Zhuo Tang , Kenli Li

Previous studies on continual knowledge learning (CKL) in large language models (LLMs) have predominantly focused on approaches such as regularization, architectural modifications, and rehearsal techniques to mitigate catastrophic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Yeongbin Seo , Dongha Lee , Jinyoung Yeo

Large vision-language models (LVLMs) often hallucinate content that is fluent yet unsupported by the image, limiting their reliability in real-world deployment. We show that a key failure mode arises from route competition: even when visual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Zhe Cheng , Wenyu Chen , Fode Zhang , Dehuan Shen

Reinforcement-learning-based post-training has become a key approach for improving the reasoning ability of large language models, but its token-level learning signals remain poorly understood. This work studies their heterogeneity through…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Gengyang Li , Zheng-Fan Wu , Siqi Bao , Yunfang Wu

Reasoning models are evaluated on single-turn benchmarks but deployed in multi-turn dialogue, where users push back on correct answers. Under sustained adversarial pressure we find a previously undocumented failure mode: the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Yubo Li , Ramayya Krishnan , Rema Padman