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Research on applications of reinforcement learning (RL) to large language models has mostly been focused on single-turn problems, such as mathematical reasoning or single-shot code generation. While these problems can be viewed as…

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have sparked significant interest in the automatic generation of Register Transfer Level (RTL) designs, particularly using Verilog. Current research on this topic primarily focuses on…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Ning Wang , Bingkun Yao , Jie Zhou , Xi Wang , Zhe Jiang , Nan Guan

We explore the use of Large Language Models (LLMs) to generate high-quality Register-Transfer Level (RTL) code with minimal human interference. The traditional RTL design workflow requires human experts to manually write high-quality RTL…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Hanxian Huang , Zhenghan Lin , Zixuan Wang , Xin Chen , Ke Ding , Jishen Zhao

The ever-growing popularity of large language models (LLMs) has resulted in their increasing adoption for hardware design and verification. Prior research has attempted to assess the capability of LLMs to automate digital hardware design by…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Sneha Swaroopa , Rijoy Mukherjee , Anushka Debnath , Rajat Subhra Chakraborty

Large language models (LLMs) have shown strong performance in Verilog generation from natural language description. However, ensuring the functional correctness of the generated code remains a significant challenge. This paper introduces a…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Ning Wang , Bingkun Yao , Jie Zhou , Yuchen Hu , Xi Wang , Nan Guan , Zhe Jiang

We study whether self-learning can scale LLM-based agents without relying on human-curated datasets or predefined rule-based rewards. Through controlled experiments in a search-agent setting, we identify two key determinants of scalable…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Wangtao Sun , Xiang Cheng , Jialin Fan , Yao Xu , Xing Yu , Shizhu He , Jun Zhao , Kang Liu

Automating the adaptation of software engineering (SE) research artifacts across datasets is essential for scalability and reproducibility, yet it remains largely unstudied. Recent advances in large language model (LLM)-based multi-agent…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Jingyi Chen , Xiaoyan Guo , Songqiang Chen , Shing-Chi Cheung , Jiasi Shen

Recent advances in LLMs have sparked growing interest in applying them to hardware design automation, particularly for accurate RTL code generation. Prior efforts follow two largely independent paths: (i) training domain-adapted RTL models…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Chenhui Deng , Zhongzhi Yu , Guan-Ting Liu , Nathaniel Pinckney , Brucek Khailany , Haoxing Ren

While the complex reasoning capability of Large Language Models (LLMs) has attracted significant attention, single-agent systems often encounter inherent performance ceilings in complex tasks such as code generation. Multi-agent…

Training AI models has always been challenging, especially when there is a need for custom models to provide personalized services. Algorithm engineers often face a lengthy process to iteratively develop models tailored to specific business…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-27 Haoyuan Li , Hao Jiang , Tianke Zhang , Zhelun Yu , Aoxiong Yin , Hao Cheng , Siming Fu , Yuhao Zhang , Wanggui He

Hardware design automation faces challenges in generating high-quality Verilog code efficiently. This paper introduces VFlow, an automated framework that optimizes agentic workflows for Verilog code generation. Unlike traditional approaches…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Yangbo Wei , Zhen Huang , Huang Li , Wei W. Xing , Ting-Jung Lin , Lei He

Large Language Models (LLMs) often produce answers with a single chain-of-thought, which restricts their ability to explore reasoning paths or self-correct flawed outputs in complex tasks. In this paper, we introduce MALT (Multi-Agent LLM…

Current approaches rely on zero-shot evaluation due to the absence of training data; while proprietary models such as GPT-4 exhibit strong reasoning capabilities, smaller open-source models remain ineffective at complex tool use. To address…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Hyunji Min , Sangwon Jung , Junyoung Sung , Dosung Lee , Leekyeung Han , Paul Hongsuck Seo

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as promising tools in software development, enabling automated code generation and analysis. However, their knowledge is limited to a fixed cutoff date, making them prone to generating code…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Minjae Seo , Wonwoo Choi , Myoungsung You , Seungwon Shin

While current software agents powered by large language models (LLMs) and agentic reinforcement learning (RL) can boost programmer productivity, their training data (e.g., GitHub issues and pull requests) and environments (e.g.,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Yuxiang Wei , Zhiqing Sun , Emily McMilin , Jonas Gehring , David Zhang , Gabriel Synnaeve , Daniel Fried , Lingming Zhang , Sida Wang

We propose an agent architecture that automates parts of the common reinforcement learning experiment workflow, to enable automated mastery of control domains for embodied agents. To do so, it leverages a VLM to perform some of the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-06 Jingwei Zhang , Thomas Lampe , Abbas Abdolmaleki , Jost Tobias Springenberg , Martin Riedmiller

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have sparked growing interest in automatic RTL optimization for better performance, power, and area (PPA). However, existing methods are still far from realistic RTL optimization. Their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Wenji Fang , Yao Lu , Shang Liu , Jing Wang , Ziyan Guo , Junxian He , Fengbin Tu , Zhiyao Xie

Machine learning (ML) underpins foundation models in finance, healthcare, and critical infrastructure, making them targets for data poisoning, model extraction, prompt injection, automated jailbreaking, and preference-guided black-box…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Armstrong Foundjem , Lionel Nganyewou Tidjon , Leuson Da Silva , Foutse Khomh

Large language model (LLM) agents deployed for multi-step tasks frequently fail in predictable ways: attempting actions with unmet preconditions, issuing redundant commands, or mishandling environment constraints. While retrieval-augmented…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Humaid Ibrahim , Nikolai Rozanov , Marek Rei

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have sparked growing interest in building generalist agents that can learn through online interactions. However, applying reinforcement learning (RL) to train LLM agents in multi-turn,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Hanchen Zhang , Xiao Liu , Bowen Lv , Xueqiao Sun , Bohao Jing , Iat Long Iong , Zhenyu Hou , Zehan Qi , Hanyu Lai , Yifan Xu , Rui Lu , Hongning Wang , Jie Tang , Yuxiao Dong