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The plasticity of the conduction delay between neurons plays a fundamental role in learning. However, the exact underlying mechanisms in the brain for this modulation is still an open problem. Understanding the precise adjustment of…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-11-19 Alireza Nadafian , Mohammad Ganjtabesh

Predictive coding networks (PCNs) are an influential model for information processing in the brain. They have appealing theoretical interpretations and offer a single mechanism that accounts for diverse perceptual phenomena of the brain. On…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-08 Tommaso Salvatori , Yuhang Song , Thomas Lukasiewicz , Rafal Bogacz , Zhenghua Xu

Robotic systems operating at the edge require efficient online learning algorithms that can continuously adapt to changing environments while processing streaming sensory data. Traditional backpropagation, while effective, conflicts with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Darius Masoum Zadeh-Jousdani , Elvin Hajizada , Eyke Hüllermeier

Inter-neuron communication delays are ubiquitous in physically realized neural networks such as biological neural circuits and neuromorphic hardware. These delays have significant and often disruptive consequences on network dynamics during…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-10 Ryan Fayyazi , Christian Weilbach , Frank Wood

Predictive learning ideally builds the world model of physical processes in one or more given environments. Typical setups assume that we can collect data from all environments at all times. In practice, however, different prediction tasks…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-13 Geng Chen , Wendong Zhang , Han Lu , Siyu Gao , Yunbo Wang , Mingsheng Long , Xiaokang Yang

Learning Classifier Systems (LCS) are population-based reinforcement learners that were originally designed to model various cognitive phenomena. This paper presents an explicitly cognitive LCS by using spiking neural networks as…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2015-09-01 David Howard , Larry Bull , Pier-Luca Lanzi

Spiking Neural Networks are powerful computational modelling tools that have attracted much interest because of the bioinspired modelling of synaptic interactions between neurons. Most of the research employing spiking neurons has been…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-03-05 Huanneng Qiu , Matthew Garratt , David Howard , Sreenatha Anavatti

The ability to predict future events or patterns based on previous experience is crucial for many applications such as traffic control, weather forecasting, or supply chain management. While modern supervised Machine Learning approaches…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2024-10-16 Florian Feiler , Emre Neftci , Younes Bouhadjar

We propose a novel local learning rule for spiking neural networks in which spike propagation times undergo activity-dependent plasticity. Our plasticity rule aligns pre-synaptic spike times to produce a stronger and more rapid response.…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-11-16 Jørgen Jensen Farner , Ola Huse Ramstad , Stefano Nichele , Kristine Heiney

While great strides have been made in using deep learning algorithms to solve supervised learning tasks, the problem of unsupervised learning - leveraging unlabeled examples to learn about the structure of a domain - remains a difficult…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-03-02 William Lotter , Gabriel Kreiman , David Cox

Predictive coding (PC) is an influential theory in computational neuroscience, which argues that the cortex forms unsupervised world models by implementing a hierarchical process of prediction error minimization. PC networks (PCNs) are…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-08-05 Beren Millidge , Yuhang Song , Tommaso Salvatori , Thomas Lukasiewicz , Rafal Bogacz

We investigate the possibility of forcing a self-supervised model trained using a contrastive predictive loss to extract slowly varying latent representations. Rather than producing individual predictions for each of the future…

Learning Classifier Systems (LCS) are population-based reinforcement learners used in a wide variety of applications. This paper presents a LCS where each traditional rule is represented by a spiking neural network, a type of network with…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2012-01-17 Gerard Howard , Larry Bull , Pier-Luca Lanzi

Spatio-Temporal predictive Learning is a self-supervised learning paradigm that enables models to identify spatial and temporal patterns by predicting future frames based on past frames. Traditional methods, which use recurrent neural…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-18 Andrea Alfarano , Alberto Alfarano , Linda Friso , Andrea Bacciu , Irene Amerini , Fabrizio Silvestri

Brain-inspired machine intelligence research seeks to develop computational models that emulate the information processing and adaptability that distinguishes biological systems of neurons. This has led to the development of spiking neural…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Alexander Ororbia

Predictive coding is a promising theoretical framework in neuroscience for understanding information transmission and perception. It posits that the brain perceives the external world through internal models and updates these models under…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2022-09-07 Zhen-Ye Huang , Xin-Yi Fan , Jianwen Zhou , Hai-Jun Zhou

Information encoding in the nervous system is supported through the precise spike-timings of neurons; however, an understanding of the underlying processes by which such representations are formed in the first place remains unclear. Here we…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2015-12-01 Brian Gardner , Ioana Sporea , André Grüning

Predictive coding networks (PCNs) constitute a biologically inspired framework for understanding hierarchical computation in the brain, and offer an alternative to traditional feedforward neural networks in ML. This note serves as a quick,…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Mikko Stenlund

Predictive coding (PC) is a biologically inspired algorithm for training neural networks that relies only on local updates, allowing parallel learning across layers. However, practical implementations face two key limitations: error signals…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Davide Casnici , Martin Lefebvre , Justin Dauwels , Charlotte Frenkel

Continual learning (CL) enables deep networks to acquire new knowledge while avoiding catastrophic forgetting. The powerful generalization ability of pre-trained models (PTMs), such as the Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training (CLIP)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Haodong Lu , Xinyu Zhang , Kristen Moore , Jason Xue , Lina Yao , Anton van den Hengel , Dong Gong