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We examine the transformation of noise under a quantum error correcting code (QECC) concatenated repeatedly with itself, by analyzing the effects of a quantum channel after each level of concatenation using recovery operators that are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-02-27 Jesse Fern

The realization of fault-tolerant quantum computers remains a challenging endeavor, forcing state-of-the-art quantum hardware to rely heavily on noise mitigation techniques. Standard quantum error mitigation is typically based on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-06 Juan F. Martin , Giuseppe Cocco , Javier Fonollosa

Probabilistic quantum error correction is an error-correcting procedure which uses postselection to determine if the encoded information was successfully restored. In this work, we deeply analyze probabilistic version of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-04-12 Ryszard Kukulski , Łukasz Pawela , Zbigniew Puchała

Decoders of quantum error correction (QEC) experiments make decisions based on detected errors and the expected rates of error events, which together comprise a detector error model. Here we show that the syndrome history of QEC experiments…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-29 Evangelia Takou , Kenneth R. Brown

Quantum error mitigation (QEM) provides a practical route for estimating reliable observables on noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. Traditional QEM strategies, including zero-noise extrapolation (ZNE) and Clifford data…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-21 Huaxin Wang , Xinge Wu , Jiajun Liu , Ruiqing He , Jiandong Shang , Hengliang Guo , Qiang Chen

We study the performance of quantum error correction codes (QECCs) under the detection-induced coherent error due to the imperfectness of practical implementations of stabilizer measurements, after running a quantum circuit. Considering the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-25 Qinghong Yang , Dong E. Liu

A quantum computer -- i.e., a computer capable of manipulating data in quantum superposition -- would find applications including factoring, quantum simulation and tests of basic quantum theory. Since quantum superpositions are fragile, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Ben W. Reichardt

Quantum error correction (QEC) requires the execution of deep quantum circuits with large numbers of physical qubits to protect information against errors. Designing protocols that can reduce gate and space-time overheads of QEC is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-15 Laura Pecorari , Sven Jandura , Guido Pupillo

Quantum error correction (QEC) is fundamental for suppressing noise in quantum hardware and enabling fault-tolerant quantum computation. In this paper, we propose an efficient verification framework for QEC programs. We define an assertion…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Qifan Huang , Li Zhou , Wang Fang , Mengyu Zhao , Mingsheng Ying

In quantum error correction, the description of noise channel cannot be completely accurate, and fluctuation always appears in noise channel. It is found that when fluctuation of physical noise channel is considered, the average effective…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-10-30 Long Huang , Xiaohua Wu , Tao Zhou

Quantum error correction codes (QECCs) play a central role in both quantum communications and quantum computation. Practical quantum error correction codes, such as stabilizer codes, are generally structured to suit a specific use, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-30 Diogo Cruz , Francisco A. Monteiro , Bruno C. Coutinho

Quantum error correction (QEC) is considered a deciding component in enabling practical quantum computing. Stabilizer codes, and in particular topological surface codes, are promising candidates for implementing QEC by redundantly encoding…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-12 Josias Old , Stephan Tasler , Michael J. Hartmann , Markus Müller

Quantum error correction (QEC) aims to protect logical qubits from noises by utilizing the redundancy of a large Hilbert space, where an error, once it occurs, can be detected and corrected in real time. In most QEC codes, a logical qubit…

Postselected quantum computation is distinguished from regular quantum computation by accepting the output only if measurement outcomes satisfy predetermined conditions. The output must be accepted with nonzero probability. Methods for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 E. Knill

In this work, we migrate the quantum error mitigation technique of Zero-Noise Extrapolation (ZNE) to fault-tolerant quantum computing. We employ ZNE on logically encoded qubits rather than physical qubits. This approach will be useful in a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-05 Misty A. Wahl , Andrea Mari , Nathan Shammah , William J. Zeng , Gokul Subramanian Ravi

We investigate the limits of quantum error correction (QEC) in neutral-atom processors approaching high-fidelity gates and fast cycle times. We show that shorter QEC cycles amplify platform-specific errors, notably Rydberg excitation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-24 Laura Pecorari , Gavin K. Brennen , Stanimir S. Kondov , Guido Pupillo

Quantum error correction (QEC) is a cornerstone of quantum computing, enabling reliable information processing in the presence of noise. Sparse stabilizer codes -- referred to generally as quantum low-density parity-check (QLDPC) codes --…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-20 Bane Vasic , Valentin Savin , Michele Pacenti , Shantom Borah , Nithin Raveendran

We investigate a family of fault-tolerant quantum error correction schemes based on the concatenation of small error detection or error correction codes with the three-dimensional cluster state. We propose fault-tolerant state preparation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-23 Zhaoyi Li , Isaac Kim , Patrick Hayden

Quantum error correction (QEC) is a way to protect quantum information against noise. It consists of encoding input information into entangled quantum states known as the code space. Furthermore, to classify if the encoded information is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-15 Pejman Jouzdani , H. Arslan Hashim , Eduardo R. Mucciolo

Quantum computers promise transformative speedups, but environmental noise destroys their fragile states. Conventional quantum error correction (QEC) encodes information redundantly across physical qubits, yet fails above a threshold of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-11 Hikaru Wakaura , Taiki Tanimae
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