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Near-term quantum workloads demand error management, yet the two lightest-weight techniques, Quantum Error Detection (QED) and Probabilistic Error Cancellation (PEC), have complementary cost profiles whose joint architectural design space…

Noise in pre-fault-tolerant quantum computers can result in biased estimates of physical observables. Accurate bias-free estimates can be obtained using probabilistic error cancellation (PEC), which is an error-mitigation technique that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-25 Ewout van den Berg , Zlatko K. Minev , Abhinav Kandala , Kristan Temme

Probabilistic error cancellation (PEC) is a leading quantum error mitigation method that provides an unbiased estimate, although it is known to have a large sampling overhead. In this work, we propose a new method to perform PEC, which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-06 Yi-Hsiang Chen

Probabilistic error cancellation (PEC) is a technique that generates error-mitigated estimates of expectation values from ensembles of quantum circuits. In this work we extend the application of PEC from unitary-only circuits to dynamic…

We propose a general framework for quantum error mitigation that combines and generalizes two techniques: probabilistic error cancellation (PEC) and zero-noise extrapolation (ZNE). Similarly to PEC, the proposed method represents ideal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-15 Andrea Mari , Nathan Shammah , William J. Zeng

Quantum error mitigation is regarded as a possible path to near-term quantum utility. The methods under the quantum error mitigation umbrella term, such as probabilistic error cancellation (PEC), zero-noise extrapolation (ZNE) or Clifford…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-03 Timon Scheiber , Paul Haubenwallner , Matthias Heller

Current quantum computers suffer from a level of noise that prohibits extracting useful results directly from longer computations. The figure of merit in many near-term quantum algorithms is an expectation value measured at the end of the…

Noise remains one of the most significant challenges in the development of reliable and scalable quantum processors. While quantum error correction and mitigation techniques offer potential solutions, they are often limited by the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-11 Mathys Rennela , Harold Ollivier

Quantum error mitigation (QEM) can recover accurate expectation values from a noisy quantum computer by trading off bias for variance, such that an averaged result is more accurate but takes longer to converge. Probabilistic error…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-09 Andrew Eddins , Minh C. Tran , Patrick Rall

Classical shadows enable us to learn many properties of a quantum state $\rho$ with very few measurements. However, near-term and early fault-tolerant quantum computers will only be able to prepare noisy quantum states $\rho$ and it is thus…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-16 Hamza Jnane , Jonathan Steinberg , Zhenyu Cai , H. Chau Nguyen , Bálint Koczor

In the noisy intermediate-scale quantum era, emerging classical-quantum hybrid optimization algorithms, such as variational quantum algorithms (VQAs), can leverage the unique characteristics of quantum devices to accelerate computations…

Until fault-tolerance becomes implementable at scale, quantum computing will heavily rely on noise mitigation techniques. While methods such as zero noise extrapolation with probabilistic error amplification (ZNE-PEA) and probabilistic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-25 Sergei Filippov , Matea Leahy , Matteo A. C. Rossi , Guillermo García-Pérez

We present a general framework for applying linear quantum error mitigation (QEM) techniques directly to physical qubits within a logical qubit to suppress logical errors. By exploiting the linearity of quantum error correction (QEC), we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-27 Minjun Jeon , Zhenyu Cai

In this work, we study and improve two leading error mitigation techniques, namely Probabilistic Error Cancellation (PEC) and Zero-Noise Extrapolation (ZNE), for estimating the expectation value of local observables. For PEC, we introduce a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-14 Minh C. Tran , Kunal Sharma , Kristan Temme

In order to reduce errors, error correction codes (ECCs) need to be implemented fast. They can correct the errors corresponding to the first few orders in the Taylor expansion of the Hamiltonian of the interaction with the environment. If…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 Noam Erez , Yakir Aharonov , Benni Reznik , Lev Vaidman

Quantum error mitigation (QEM) is typically viewed as a suite of practical techniques for today's noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices, with limited relevance once fault-tolerant quantum computers become available. In this work, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-11 Zeyuan Zhou , Shaun Pexton , Aleksander Kubica , Yongshan Ding

The potential of quantum computers to outperform classical ones in practically useful tasks remains challenging in the near term due to scaling limitations and high error rates of current quantum hardware. While quantum error correction…

We investigate the stability of probabilistic error cancellation (PEC) outcomes in the presence of non-stationary noise, which is an obstacle to achieving accurate observable estimates. Leveraging Bayesian methods, we design a strategy to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-10 Samudra Dasgupta , Travis S. Humble

Variational quantum circuits (VQCs) solving partial differential equations (PDEs) on near-term quantum hardware face a critical challenge: hardware noise degrades solution fidelity and disrupts convergence. We present a systematic study of…

We identify regimes where post-selection can be used scalably in quantum error correction (QEC) to improve performance. We use statistical mechanical models to analytically quantify the performance and thresholds of post-selected QEC, with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-22 Lucas H. English , Dominic J. Williamson , Stephen D. Bartlett
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