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Existing evaluation suites for multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) do not assess generalization to novel situations as their primary objective (unlike supervised-learning benchmarks). Our contribution, Melting Pot, is a MARL…

The literature has witnessed an emerging interest in AI agents for automated assessment of scientific papers. Existing benchmarks focus primarily on the computational aspect of this task, testing agents' ability to reproduce or replicate…

Reinforcement learning agents have been mostly developed and evaluated under the assumption that they will operate in a fully autonomous manner -- they will take all actions. In this work, our goal is to develop algorithms that, by learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Vahid Balazadeh , Abir De , Adish Singla , Manuel Gomez-Rodriguez

Deep research systems, agentic AI that solve complex, multi-step tasks by coordinating reasoning, search across the open web and user files, and tool use, are moving toward hierarchical deployments with a Planner, Coordinator, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Wenjun Li , Zhi Chen , Jingru Lin , Hannan Cao , Wei Han , Sheng Liang , Zhi Zhang , Kuicai Dong , Dexun Li , Chen Zhang , Yong Liu

Agent decision making using Reinforcement Learning (RL) heavily relies on either a model or simulator of the environment (e.g., moving in an 8x8 maze with three rooms, playing Chess on an 8x8 board). Due to this dependence, small changes in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-20 Wenjun Li , Pradeep Varakantham , Dexun Li

AI-based systems, currently driven largely by LLMs and tool-using agentic harnesses, are increasingly discussed as a possible threat to software engineering. Foundation models get stronger, agents can plan and act across multiple steps, and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Robert Feldt , Per Lenberg , Julian Frattini , Dhasarathy Parthasarathy

Evaluating Large Language Models (LLMs) as general-purpose agents is essential for understanding their capabilities and facilitating their integration into practical applications. However, the evaluation process presents substantial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Chang Ma , Junlei Zhang , Zhihao Zhu , Cheng Yang , Yujiu Yang , Yaohui Jin , Zhenzhong Lan , Lingpeng Kong , Junxian He

General-purpose agents perform tasks in unfamiliar environments without domain-specific manual customization. Yet no study has systematically measured how agent architecture shapes performance across heterogeneous protocols and diverse…

Search agents powered by large language models can autonomously decompose queries, retrieve information, and synthesize answers through multi-step reasoning. However, the rapid growth of training methods has outpaced controlled comparison:…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Yibo Zhao , Zichen Ding , Jiayi Wu , Zun Wang , Xiang Li

Group-relative RL training (GRPO) samples a small group of parallel rollouts for every training prompt and uses their within-group reward spread to compute per-trajectory advantages. In agentic environments each rollout is a long multi-turn…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Zhiyuan Zhai , Xin Wang

Memory is an important aspect of intelligence and plays a role in many deep reinforcement learning models. However, little progress has been made in understanding when specific memory systems help more than others and how well they…

In order for agents trained by deep reinforcement learning to work alongside humans in realistic settings, we will need to ensure that the agents are \emph{robust}. Since the real world is very diverse, and human behavior often changes in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-15 Paul Knott , Micah Carroll , Sam Devlin , Kamil Ciosek , Katja Hofmann , A. D. Dragan , Rohin Shah

Out-of-distribution generalization in reinforcement learning is hard to diagnose when benchmark shifts mix dynamics, observations, goals, and rewards. We address this with Tape, a controlled benchmark that isolates latent rule-shift in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Enze Pan

Reinforcement learning (RL) for large language models (LLMs) increasingly relies on sparse, outcome-level rewards -- yet determining which actions within a long trajectory caused the outcome remains difficult. This credit assignment (CA)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Chenchen Zhang

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is increasingly employed in generative AI-driven scientific workflows to integrate rapidly evolving scientific knowledge bases, yet its reliability is frequently compromised by non-determinism in their…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Baiqiang Wang , Dongfang Zhao , Nathan R Tallent , Luanzheng Guo

AI agents have been developed for complex real-world tasks from coding to customer service. But AI agent evaluations suffer from many challenges that undermine our understanding of how well agents really work. We introduce the Holistic…

Recent developments in sequential experimental design look to construct a policy that can efficiently navigate the design space, in a way that maximises the expected information gain. Whilst there is work on achieving tractable policies for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Yasir Zubayr Barlas , Kizito Salako

Modern coding scaffolds turn LLMs into capable software agents, but their ability to follow scaffold-specified instructions remains under-examined, especially when constraints are heterogeneous and persist across interactions. To fill this…

Recent advances have enabled LLM-powered AI agents to autonomously execute complex tasks by combining language model reasoning with tools, memory, and web access. But can these systems be trusted to follow deployment policies in realistic…

A major challenge in autonomous vehicle research is modeling agent behaviors, which has critical applications including constructing realistic and reliable simulations for off-board evaluation and forecasting traffic agents motion for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-30 Zhenghao Peng , Wenjie Luo , Yiren Lu , Tianyi Shen , Cole Gulino , Ari Seff , Justin Fu