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Small Language Models (SLMs) offer computational efficiency and accessibility, yet a systematic evaluation of their performance and environmental impact remains lacking. We introduce SLM-Bench, the first benchmark specifically designed to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Nghiem Thanh Pham , Tung Kieu , Duc-Manh Nguyen , Son Ha Xuan , Nghia Duong-Trung , Danh Le-Phuoc

In this paper, we present a challenging code reasoning task: vulnerability detection. Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promising results in natural-language and math reasoning, but state-of-the-art (SOTA) models reported only 54.5%…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-09 Benjamin Steenhoek , Md Mahbubur Rahman , Monoshi Kumar Roy , Mirza Sanjida Alam , Hengbo Tong , Swarna Das , Earl T. Barr , Wei Le

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant success in natural language processing (NLP) tasks and have shown promising results in other domains such as protein sequence generation. However, there remain salient differences…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-11-12 Aayush Shah , Shankar Jayaratnam

Hierarchical Reasoning Model (HRM) is a novel approach using two small neural networks recursing at different frequencies. This biologically inspired method beats Large Language models (LLMs) on hard puzzle tasks such as Sudoku, Maze, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Alexia Jolicoeur-Martineau

As Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed for narrow tasks in resource-constrained settings, a central question arises: how much of an LLM is truly necessary for a given task? We present LLM-Sieve, a framework that prunes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Waleed Reda , Abhinav Jangda , Krishna Chintalapudi

Large language models are increasingly adopted as semantic backbones for neural text-to-speech systems. However, frozen LLM representations are insufficient for modeling speaker specific acoustic and perceptual characteristics. Our…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Anupam Purwar , Aditya Choudhary

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit failure modes on seemingly trivial tasks. We propose a formalisation of LLM interaction using a deterministic multi-tape Turing machine, where each tape represents a distinct component: input characters,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Magnus Boman

Recursive reasoning models such as Hierarchical Reasoning Model (HRM) and Tiny Recursive Model (TRM) show that small, weight-shared networks can solve compute-heavy and NP puzzles by iteratively refining latent states, but their training…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Navid Hakimi

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly being used in a zero-shot fashion to assess mental health conditions, yet we have limited knowledge on what factors affect their accuracy. In this study, we utilize a clinical dataset of natural…

Safety benchmarks are routinely treated as evidence about how a language model will behave once deployed, but this inference is fragile if behavior depends on whether a prompt looks like an evaluation. We define evaluation-context…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Florian A. D. Burnat , Brittany I. Davidson

Instruction-tuned large language models produce helpful, structured responses, but how robust is this helpfulness under trivial constraints? We show that simple lexical constraints (banning a single punctuation character or common word)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Erfan Baghaei Potraghloo , Seyedarmin Azizi , Souvik Kundu , Massoud Pedram

Standard evaluation protocols reveal a counterintuitive phenomenon: on 7.7% of benchmark problems spanning five datasets, larger language models underperform smaller ones by 28.4 percentage points despite 10-100x more parameters. Through…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-02 MD Azizul Hakim

The widespread adoption of web applications has made their security a critical concern and has increased the need for systematic ways to assess whether they can be considered trustworthy. However, "trust" assessment remains an open problem…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Oleksandr Yarotskyi , José D'Abruzzo Pereira , João R. Campos

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used across research and industry applications, yet their inference efficiency remains a significant challenge. As the computational power of modern GPU architectures continuously improves,…

When deploying LLMs in agentic architectures requiring real-time decisions under temporal constraints, we assume they reliably determine whether action windows remain open or have closed. This assumption is untested. We characterize…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Javier Marín

With the increasing size of Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs), network pruning techniques aimed at compressing models for deployment in resource-constrained environments have garnered significant attention. However, we observe that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Yue Li , Xin Yi , Dongsheng Shi , Gerard de Melo , Xiaoling Wang , Linlin Wang

Recent studies suggest that very small language models (SLMs) can generate surprisingly coherent text when trained on simplified, child-directed corpora such as TinyStories. These findings have been interpreted as evidence that readability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Ivan Lee , Taylor Berg-Kirkpatrick

We present BLESS, a comprehensive performance benchmark of the most recent state-of-the-art large language models (LLMs) on the task of text simplification (TS). We examine how well off-the-shelf LLMs can solve this challenging task,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Tannon Kew , Alison Chi , Laura Vásquez-Rodríguez , Sweta Agrawal , Dennis Aumiller , Fernando Alva-Manchego , Matthew Shardlow

Information extraction from regulatory documents using large language models presents critical trade-offs between performance and computational resources. We evaluated seven open-weight models (0.6B-70B parameters) on hydropower licensing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Hong-Jun Yoon , Faisal Ashraf , Thomas A. Ruggles , Debjani Singh

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly employed in various question-answering tasks. However, recent studies showcase that LLMs are susceptible to persuasion and could adopt counterfactual beliefs. We present a systematic evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Fan Huang , Haewoon Kwak , Jisun An