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Large Language Models (LLMs), while powerful, are built and trained to process a single text input. In common applications, multiple inputs can be processed by concatenating them together into a single stream of text. However, the LLM is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Keegan Hines , Gary Lopez , Matthew Hall , Federico Zarfati , Yonatan Zunger , Emre Kiciman

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have achieved impressive progress in multimodal text generation, yet their rapid adoption raises increasing concerns about security vulnerabilities. Existing backdoor attacks against VLMs primarily rely on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Haoyu Shen , Weimin Lyu , Haotian Xu , Tengfei Ma

Backdoor attacks are a kind of insidious security threat against machine learning models. After being injected with a backdoor in training, the victim model will produce adversary-specified outputs on the inputs embedded with predesigned…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-04 Fanchao Qi , Mukai Li , Yangyi Chen , Zhengyan Zhang , Zhiyuan Liu , Yasheng Wang , Maosong Sun

Backdoor attacks represent a serious threat to neural network models. A backdoored model will misclassify the trigger-embedded inputs into an attacker-chosen target label while performing normally on other benign inputs. There are already…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-14 Jing Xu , Minhui , Xue , Stjepan Picek

Graph data contains rich node features and unique edge information, which have been applied across various domains, such as citation networks or recommendation systems. Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are specialized for handling such data and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-26 Faqian Guan , Tianqing Zhu , Hui Sun , Wanlei Zhou , Philip S. Yu

Dynamic link prediction (DLP) makes graph prediction based on historical information. Since most DLP methods are highly dependent on the training data to achieve satisfying prediction performance, the quality of the training data is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-10-11 Jinyin Chen , Haiyang Xiong , Haibin Zheng , Jian Zhang , Guodong Jiang , Yi Liu

Research on backdoor attacks against multimodal contrastive learning models faces two key challenges: stealthiness and persistence. Existing methods often fail under strong detection or continuous fine-tuning, largely due to (1) cross-modal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Siyuan Liang , Yongcheng Jing , Yingjie Wang , Jiaxing Huang , Ee-chien Chang , Dacheng Tao

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are vulnerable to the \emph{backdoor attack}, which intends to embed hidden backdoors in DNNs by poisoning training data. The attacked model behaves normally on benign samples, whereas its prediction will be…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-04-06 Yiming Li , Yanjie Li , Yalei Lv , Yong Jiang , Shu-Tao Xia

Large language models (LLMs) have transformed the development of embodied intelligence. By providing a few contextual demonstrations, developers can utilize the extensive internal knowledge of LLMs to effortlessly translate complex tasks…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Aishan Liu , Yuguang Zhou , Xianglong Liu , Tianyuan Zhang , Siyuan Liang , Jiakai Wang , Yanjun Pu , Tianlin Li , Junqi Zhang , Wenbo Zhou , Qing Guo , Dacheng Tao

Chat template is a common technique used in the training and inference stages of Large Language Models (LLMs). It can transform input and output data into role-based and templated expressions to enhance the performance of LLMs. However,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Zihan Wang , Hongwei Li , Rui Zhang , Wenbo Jiang , Guowen Xu

Heterogeneous graph neural networks (HGNNs) have achieved strong performance in many real-world applications, yet targeted backdoor poisoning on heterogeneous graphs remains less studied. We consider backdoor attacks for heterogeneous node…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Honglin Gao , Lan Zhao , Junhao Ren , Xiang Li , Gaoxi Xiao

Textual backdoor attacks present a substantial security risk to Large Language Models (LLM). It embeds carefully chosen triggers into a victim model at the training stage, and makes the model erroneously predict inputs containing the same…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Xinglin Li , Xianwen He , Yao Li , Minhao Cheng

With the widespread use of deep learning system in many applications, the adversary has strong incentive to explore vulnerabilities of deep neural networks and manipulate them. Backdoor attacks against deep neural networks have been…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-06-05 Jiazhu Dai , Chuanshuai Chen

Large language models (LLMs) have been widely integrated into critical automated workflows, including contract review and job application processes. However, LLMs are susceptible to manipulation by fraudulent information, which can lead to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Naen Xu , Jinghuai Zhang , Ping He , Chunyi Zhou , Jun Wang , Zhihui Fu , Tianyu Du , Zhaoxiang Wang , Shouling Ji

Medical foundation models are gaining prominence in the medical community for their ability to derive general representations from extensive collections of medical image-text pairs. Recent research indicates that these models are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-16 Asif Hanif , Fahad Shamshad , Muhammad Awais , Muzammal Naseer , Fahad Shahbaz Khan , Karthik Nandakumar , Salman Khan , Rao Muhammad Anwer

Large language models (LLMs) are widely deployed across various applications, often with safeguards to prevent the generation of harmful or restricted content. However, these safeguards can be covertly bypassed through adversarial…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Kasimir Schulz , Amelia Kawasaki , Leo Ring

Recent work has shown that graph neural networks (GNNs) are vulnerable to adversarial attacks on graph data. Common attack approaches are typically informed, i.e. they have access to information about node attributes such as labels and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-29 Hussain Hussain , Tomislav Duricic , Elisabeth Lex , Denis Helic , Markus Strohmaier , Roman Kern

Due to its powerful feature learning capability and high efficiency, deep hashing has achieved great success in large-scale image retrieval. Meanwhile, extensive works have demonstrated that deep neural networks (DNNs) are susceptible to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-14 Shengshan Hu , Ziqi Zhou , Yechao Zhang , Leo Yu Zhang , Yifeng Zheng , Yuanyuan HE , Hai Jin

Large vision-language models (LVLMs) have achieved impressive performance across a wide range of vision-language tasks, while they remain vulnerable to backdoor attacks. Existing backdoor attacks on LVLMs aim to force the victim model to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Zhifang Zhang , Qiqi Tao , Jiaqi Lv , Na Zhao , Lei Feng , Joey Tianyi Zhou

Attack knowledge graph construction seeks to convert textual cyber threat intelligence (CTI) reports into structured representations, portraying the evolutionary traces of cyber attacks. Even though previous research has proposed various…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-09 Yongheng Zhang , Tingwen Du , Yunshan Ma , Xiang Wang , Yi Xie , Guozheng Yang , Yuliang Lu , Ee-Chien Chang