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Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are biologically-inspired models that are capable of processing information in streams of action potentials. However, simulating and training SNNs is computationally expensive due to the need to solve large…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2023-12-29 Rainer Engelken

Spiking neural network is a type of artificial neural network in which neurons communicate between each other with spikes. Spikes are identical Boolean events characterized by the time of their arrival. A spiking neuron has internal…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2016-02-16 Oleg Y. Sinyavskiy

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) may offer an energy-efficient alternative for implementing deep learning applications. In recent years, there have been several proposals focused on supervised (conversion, spike-based gradient descent) and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-10-31 Priyadarshini Panda , Aparna Aketi , Kaushik Roy

Implementations of spiking neural networks on neuromorphic hardware promise orders of magnitude less power consumption than their non-spiking counterparts. The standard neuron model for spike-based computation on such systems has long been…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Maximilian Baronig , Romain Ferrand , Silvester Sabathiel , Robert Legenstein

Biologically-inspired Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), processing information using discrete-time events known as spikes rather than continuous values, have garnered significant attention due to their hardware-friendly and energy-efficient…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-08-21 Bin Lei , Sheng Lin , Pei-Hung Lin , Chunhua Liao , Caiwen Ding

Deep neural networks (DNNs) excel in computer vision tasks, especially, few-shot learning (FSL), which is increasingly important for generalizing from limited examples. However, DNNs are computationally expensive with scalability issues in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Qi Xu , Junyang Zhu , Dongdong Zhou , Hao Chen , Yang Liu , Jiangrong Shen , Qiang Zhang

Accumulated detailed knowledge about the neuronal activities in human brains has brought more attention to bio-inspired spiking neural networks (SNNs). In contrast to non-spiking deep neural networks (DNNs), SNNs can encode and transmit…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Yi Yang , Richard M. Voyles , Haiyan H. Zhang , Robert A. Nawrocki

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) take inspiration from the brain to enable energy-efficient computations. Since the advent of Transformers, SNNs have struggled to compete with artificial networks on modern sequential tasks, as they inherit…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-01-03 Matei Ioan Stan , Oliver Rhodes

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are the third generation of neural networks and can explore both rate and temporal coding for energy-efficient event-driven computation. However, the decision accuracy of existing SNN designs is contingent…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-02-25 Changqing Xu , Wenrui Zhang , Yu Liu , Peng Li

Neurons communicate with downstream systems via sparse and incredibly brief electrical pulses, or spikes. Using these events, they control various targets such as neuromuscular units, neurosecretory systems, and other neurons in connected…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2026-03-17 Paolo Agliati , André Urbano , Pablo Lanillos , Nasir Ahmad , Marcel van Gerven , Sander Keemink

Inspired by biology, spiking neural networks (SNNs) process information via discrete spikes over time, offering an energy-efficient alternative to the classical computing paradigm and classical artificial neural networks (ANNs). In this…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Shayan Hundrieser , Philipp Tuchel , Insung Kong , Johannes Schmidt-Hieber

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) have tremendous potential for energy-efficient neuromorphic chips due to their binary and event-driven architecture. SNNs have been primarily used in classification tasks, but limited exploration on image…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-09-25 Mingxuan Liu , Jie Gan , Rui Wen , Tao Li , Yongli Chen , Hong Chen

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) use discrete spike sequences to transmit information, which significantly mimics the information transmission of the brain. Although this binarized form of representation dramatically enhances the energy…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Guobin Shen , Dongcheng Zhao , Yi Zeng

Recently, it has been shown that spiking neural networks (SNNs) can be trained efficiently, in a supervised manner, using backpropagation through time. Indeed, the most commonly used spiking neuron model, the leaky integrate-and-fire…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-11-25 Romain Zimmer , Thomas Pellegrini , Srisht Fateh Singh , Timothée Masquelier

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are brain-inspired, event-driven machine learning algorithms that have been widely recognized in producing ultra-high-energy-efficient hardware. Among existing SNNs, unsupervised SNNs based on synaptic…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-09-20 Mingyuan Meng , Xingyu Yang , Lei Bi , Jinman Kim , Shanlin Xiao , Zhiyi Yu

Spiking neural networks play an important role in brain-like neuromorphic computations and in studying working mechanisms of neural circuits. One drawback of training a large scale spiking neural network is that updating all weights is…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2024-08-15 Zhanghan Lin , Haiping Huang

Gradient descent training techniques are remarkably successful in training analog-valued artificial neural networks (ANNs). Such training techniques, however, do not transfer easily to spiking networks due to the spike generation hard…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-08-17 Hesham Mostafa

The timing of individual neuronal spikes is essential for biological brains to make fast responses to sensory stimuli. However, conventional artificial neural networks lack the intrinsic temporal coding ability present in biological…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-11-18 Iulia M. Comsa , Krzysztof Potempa , Luca Versari , Thomas Fischbacher , Andrea Gesmundo , Jyrki Alakuijala

Spiking neural networks (SNNs), known for their low-power, event-driven computation and intrinsic temporal dynamics, are emerging as promising solutions for processing dynamic, asynchronous signals from event-based sensors. Despite their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-05 Rui Zhang , Luziwei Leng , Kaiwei Che , Hu Zhang , Jie Cheng , Qinghai Guo , Jiangxing Liao , Ran Cheng

Memristor-based Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) with temporal spike encoding enable ultra-low-energy computation, making them ideal for battery-powered intelligent devices. This paper presents a circuit-level memristive spiking neural…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Santlal Prajapati , Susmita Sur-Kolay , Soumyadeep Dutta