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Large language models have led to significant progress across many NLP tasks, although their massive sizes often incur substantial computational costs. Distillation has become a common practice to compress these large and highly capable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Zishun Yu , Shangzhe Li , Xinhua Zhang

Knowledge distillation is an efficient strategy to use data generated by large "teacher" language models to train smaller capable "student" models, but selecting the optimal teacher for a specific student-task combination requires expensive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Abhishek Panigrahi , Bingbin Liu , Sadhika Malladi , Sham Kakade , Surbhi Goel

Current post-training methods in verifiable settings fall into two categories. Reinforcement learning (RLVR) relies on binary rewards, which are broadly applicable and powerful, but provide only sparse supervision during training.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Yinghui He , Simran Kaur , Adithya Bhaskar , Yongjin Yang , Jiarui Liu , Narutatsu Ri , Liam Fowl , Abhishek Panigrahi , Danqi Chen , Sanjeev Arora

Recent work has shown that augmenting environments with language descriptions improves policy learning. However, for environments with complex language abstractions, learning how to ground language to observations is difficult due to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-04 Victor Zhong , Jesse Mu , Luke Zettlemoyer , Edward Grefenstette , Tim Rocktäschel

Advanced reasoning typically requires Chain-of-Thought prompting, which is accurate but incurs prohibitive latency and substantial test-time inference costs. The standard alternative, fine-tuning smaller models, often sacrifices…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Sanket Badhe , Deep Shah

Despite the success of distillation in large language models (LLMs), most prior work applies identical loss functions to both teacher- and student-generated data. These strategies overlook the synergy between loss formulations and data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Jongwoo Ko , Tianyi Chen , Sungnyun Kim , Tianyu Ding , Luming Liang , Ilya Zharkov , Se-Young Yun

Inference-time harnesses substantially improve large language models on complex reasoning tasks. However, the intrinsic capabilities of the underlying model remain unchanged by the addition of these external workflows. To bridge this gap,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Zhengyang Zhao , Lu Ma , Wentao Zhang

In this work, we investigate the implicit regularization induced by teacher-student learning dynamics in self-distillation. To isolate its effect, we describe a simple experiment where we consider teachers at random initialization instead…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Felix Sarnthein , Gregor Bachmann , Sotiris Anagnostidis , Thomas Hofmann

Aligning small language models (SLMs) with human values typically involves distilling preference knowledge from large language models (LLMs). However, existing distillation methods model preference knowledge in teacher LLMs by comparing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Yanggan Gu , Junzhuo Li , Sirui Huang , Xin Zou , Zhenghua Li , Xuming Hu

{Closed-loop inverse source localization and characterization (ISLC) requires a mobile agent to select measurements that localize sources and infer latent field parameters under strict time constraints.} {The core challenge lies in the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Yiwei Shi , Zixing Song , Mengyue Yang , Cunjia Liu , Weiru Liu

This paper is concerned with self-supervised learning for small models. The problem is motivated by our empirical studies that while the widely used contrastive self-supervised learning method has shown great progress on large model…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-04-19 Zhiyuan Fang , Jianfeng Wang , Lijuan Wang , Lei Zhang , Yezhou Yang , Zicheng Liu

Recent advancements in foundation models have yielded impressive performance across a wide range of tasks. Meanwhile, for specific applications, practitioners have been developing specialized application models. To enjoy the benefits of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-16 Zichang Liu , Qingyun Liu , Yuening Li , Liang Liu , Anshumali Shrivastava , Shuchao Bi , Lichan Hong , Ed H. Chi , Zhe Zhao

Enhancing small language models for real-life application deployment is a significant challenge facing the research community. Due to the difficulties and costs of using large language models, researchers are seeking ways to effectively…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-20 Mohamad Ballout , Ulf Krumnack , Gunther Heidemann , Kai-Uwe Kühnberger

Recommender systems suffer from biases that cause the collected feedback to incompletely reveal user preference. While debiasing learning has been extensively studied, they mostly focused on the specialized (called counterfactual) test…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 SeongKu Kang , Jianxun Lian , Dongha Lee , Wonbin Kweon , Sanghwan Jang , Jaehyun Lee , Jindong Wang , Xing Xie , Hwanjo Yu

Reinforcement learning has become a widely used post-training approach for LLM agents, where training commonly relies on outcome-level rewards that provide only coarse supervision. While finer-grained credit assignment is promising for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Sijia Li , Yuchen Huang , Zifan Liu , Yanping Li , Jingjing Fu , Li Zhao , Jiang Bian , Ling Zhang , Jun Zhang , Rui Wang

Self-rewarding have emerged recently as a powerful tool in the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP), allowing language models to generate high-quality relevant responses by providing their own rewards during training. This innovative…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Safouane El Ghazouali , Arnaud Gucciardi , Umberto Michelucci

Knowledge distillation is a technique used to train a small student network using the output generated by a large teacher network, and has many empirical advantages~\citep{Hinton2015DistillingTK}. While the standard one-shot approach to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Shivam Gupta , Sushrut Karmalkar

Deep search agents have emerged as a promising paradigm for addressing complex information-seeking tasks, but their training remains challenging due to sparse rewards, weak credit assignment, and limited labeled data. Self-play offers a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yaocheng Zhang , Yuanheng Zhu , Wenyue Chong , Songjun Tu , Qichao Zhang , Jiajun Chai , Xiaohan Wang , Wei Lin , Guojun Yin , Dongbin Zhao

Pre-trained language models have become an integral component of question-answering systems, achieving remarkable performance. However, for practical deployment, it is crucial to perform knowledge distillation to maintain high performance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Wenjie Zhou , Zhenxin Ding , Xiaodong Zhang , Haibo Shi , Junfeng Wang , Dawei Yin

On-policy distillation has recently emerged as a promising alternative to standard sequence-level imitation, training a student by scoring its own rollouts with a teacher model. However, we observe ``Off-policy Teacher Decay'' problem in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Zhou Ziheng , Jiaqi Li , Huacong Tang , Ying Nian Wu , Demetri Terzopoulos