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Large Language Models (LLMs) require substantial computational resources during generation. While the Key-Value (KV) cache significantly accelerates this process by storing attention intermediates, its memory footprint grows linearly with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Yi Su , Quantong Qiu , Yuechi Zhou , Juntao Li , Qingrong Xia , Ping Li , Xinyu Duan , Zhefeng Wang , Min Zhang

Key-value (KV) caching is critical for efficient inference in large language models (LLMs), yet its memory footprint scales linearly with context length, resulting in a severe scalability bottleneck. Existing approaches largely treat KV…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Gradwell Dzikanyanga , Weihao Yang , Hao Huang , Donglei Wu , Shihao Wang , Wen Xia , Sanjeeb K C

Vector quantization is a fundamental primitive for scalable machine learning systems, enabling memory-efficient storage, fast retrieval, and compressed inference. Recent rotation-based quantizers such as EDEN, RabitQ, and TurboQuant have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Heesang Ann , Joongkyu Lee , Min-hwan Oh

The quadratic complexity of the attention mechanism and the substantial memory footprint of the Key-Value (KV) cache present severe computational and memory challenges for Large Language Models (LLMs) processing long contexts. Existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Dongfang Li , Zixuan Liu , Gang Lin , Baotian Hu , Min Zhang

Autoregressive video diffusion models have enabled real-time, action-conditioned world generation. However, sustaining a persistent world, where revisiting a previously seen viewpoint yields consistent content, remains an open problem. Full…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Jung Yi , Minjae Kim , Paul Hyunbin Cho , Wooseok Jang , Sangdoo Yun , Seungryong Kim

Neural Audio Codecs (NACs) have become increasingly adopted in speech processing tasks due to their excellent rate-distortion performance and compatibility with Large Language Models (LLMs) as discrete feature representations for audio…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Harry Julian , Rachel Beeson , Lohith Konathala , Johanna Ulin , Jiameng Gao

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly utilized for complex tasks requiring longer context lengths, with some models supporting up to 128K or 1M tokens. This trend, however, presents significant challenges in inference speed and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Zongwu Wang , Peng Xu , Fangxin Liu , Yiwei Hu , Qingxiao Sun , Gezi Li , Cheng Li , Xuan Wang , Li Jiang , Haibing Guan

Large language models (LLMs) are widely deployed with rapidly expanding context windows to support increasingly demanding applications. However, long contexts pose significant deployment challenges, primarily due to the KV cache whose size…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Guangda Liu , Chengwei Li , Zhenyu Ning , Jing Lin , Yiwu Yao , Danning Ke , Minyi Guo , Jieru Zhao

Modern large language models (LLMs) extend context lengths to millions of tokens, enabling coherent, personalized responses grounded in long conversational history. However, the Key-Value (KV) cache grows linearly with the extended dialogue…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Minsoo Kim , Arnav Kundu , Han-Byul Kim , Richa Dixit , Minsik Cho

Tradeoffs between the information rate and fidelity of quantum error-correcting codes are discussed. Quantum channels to be considered are those subject to independent errors and modeled as tensor products of copies of a general completely…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-11-18 Mitsuru Hamada

Long-context reasoning is a critical capability of large language models (LLMs), enabling applications such as long-document understanding, summarization, and code generation. However, efficient autoregressive inference relies on the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Zahra Dehghanighobadi , Asja Fischer

Vector-Quantized Variational Autoencoders (VQ-VAE)[1] provide an unsupervised model for learning discrete representations by combining vector quantization and autoencoders. In this paper, we study the use of VQ-VAE for representation…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-03-05 Hanwei Wu , Markus Flierl

Large Language Models (LLMs) rely heavily on Key-Value (KV) caching to minimize inference latency. However, standard KV caches are context-dependent: reusing a cached document in a new context requires recomputing KV states to account for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Chuangtao Chen , Grace Li Zhang , Xunzhao Yin , Cheng Zhuo , Bing Li , Ulf Schlichtmann

Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized natural language processing tasks. However, their practical deployment is hindered by their immense memory and computation requirements. Although recent post-training quantization (PTQ)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Wenqi Shao , Mengzhao Chen , Zhaoyang Zhang , Peng Xu , Lirui Zhao , Zhiqian Li , Kaipeng Zhang , Peng Gao , Yu Qiao , Ping Luo

Continuous variable (CV) quantum computation offers an alternative to qubit-based computing by exploiting the infinite-dimensional Hilbert space of bosonic modes. Despite recent progress, superconducting platforms have yet to demonstrate a…

This work introduces NeuroQuant, a novel post-training quantization (PTQ) approach tailored to non-generalized Implicit Neural Representations for variable-rate Video Coding (INR-VC). Unlike existing methods that require extensive weight…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-02-18 Junqi Shi , Zhujia Chen , Hanfei Li , Qi Zhao , Ming Lu , Tong Chen , Zhan Ma

We analyse three KV cache quantization schemes under a fair bit budget: \textbf{KV} (scalar MSE baseline), \textbf{KQV} (WHT + MSE on $K$; WHT + MSE + QJL on $V$), and \textbf{QKQV} (WHT + MSE + QJL on both). Starting from the Beta…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Paolo D'Alberto

Recently, numerous end-to-end optimized image compression neural networks have been developed and proved themselves as leaders in rate-distortion performance. The main strength of these learnt compression methods is in powerful nonlinear…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-26 Xi Zhang , Xiaolin Wu

Efficiently encoding classical visual data into quantum states is essential for realizing practical quantum neural networks (QNNs). However, existing encoding schemes often discard spatial and semantic information when adapting…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-20 Yuhu Lu , Jinjing Shi

We identify a practical vector quantizer design problem where any fixed-length quantizer (FLQ) yields non-zero distortion at any finite rate, while there is a variable-length quantizer (VLQ) that can achieve zero distortion with arbitrarily…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2012-11-01 Erdem Koyuncu , Hamid Jafarkhani