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Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) significantly improve the reasoning ability of Large Language Models (LLMs) by learning to reason, exhibiting promising performance in solving complex tasks. However, their deliberative reasoning process leads…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Yue Liu , Jiaying Wu , Yufei He , Ruihan Gong , Jun Xia , Liang Li , Hongcheng Gao , Hongyu Chen , Baolong Bi , Jiaheng Zhang , Zhiqi Huang , Bryan Hooi , Stan Z. Li , Keqin Li

Although numerous strategies have recently been proposed to enhance the autonomous interaction capabilities of multimodal agents in graphical user interface (GUI), their reliability remains limited when faced with complex or out-of-domain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Pengzhou Cheng , Lingzhong Dong , Zeng Wu , Zongru Wu , Xiangru Tang , Chengwei Qin , Zhuosheng Zhang , Gongshen Liu

Strategic reasoning is a complex yet essential capability for intelligent agents. It requires Large Language Model (LLM) agents to adapt their strategies dynamically in multi-agent environments. Unlike static reasoning tasks, success in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Yadong Zhang , Shaoguang Mao , Tao Ge , Xun Wang , Yan Xia , Man Lan , Furu Wei

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) promise enhanced reasoning by integrating diverse inputs such as text, vision, and audio. Yet cross-modal reasoning remains underexplored, with conflicting reports on whether added modalities help or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Yucheng Wang , Yifan Hou , Aydin Javadov , Mubashara Akhtar , Mrinmaya Sachan

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in challenging, knowledge-intensive reasoning tasks. However, extending LLMs to perceive and reason over a new modality (e.g., vision), often requires costly development…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-25 James Y. Huang , Sheng Zhang , Qianchu Liu , Guanghui Qin , Tinghui Zhu , Tristan Naumann , Muhao Chen , Hoifung Poon

Latent reasoning has been recently proposed as a reasoning paradigm and performs multi-step reasoning through generating steps in the latent space instead of the textual space. This paradigm enables reasoning beyond discrete language tokens…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Yingqian Cui , Zhenwei Dai , Bing He , Zhan Shi , Hui Liu , Rui Sun , Zhiji Liu , Yue Xing , Jiliang Tang , Benoit Dumoulin

We propose a novel framework for comprehending the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) through the perspective of meta-learning. By conceptualizing reasoning trajectories as pseudo-gradient descent updates to the LLM's…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Junnan Liu , Hongwei Liu , Linchen Xiao , Shudong Liu , Taolin Zhang , Zihan Ma , Songyang Zhang , Kai Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate enhanced capabilities and reliability by reasoning more, evolving from Chain-of-Thought prompting to product-level solutions like OpenAI o1. Despite various efforts to improve LLM reasoning,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Yuhao Dong , Zuyan Liu , Hai-Long Sun , Jingkang Yang , Winston Hu , Yongming Rao , Ziwei Liu

Multi-agent systems built on large language models (LLMs) are expected to enhance decision-making by pooling distributed information, yet systematically evaluating this capability has remained challenging. We introduce HiddenBench, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Yuxuan Li , Aoi Naito , Hirokazu Shirado

Inspired by the concepts of deep learning in artificial intelligence and fairness in behavioural economics, we introduce deep teams in this paper. In such systems, agents are partitioned into a few sub-populations so that the dynamics and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-06-03 Jalal Arabneydi , Amir G. Aghdam

The integration of extensive, dynamic knowledge into Large Language Models (LLMs) remains a significant challenge due to the inherent entanglement of factual data and reasoning patterns. Existing solutions, ranging from non-parametric…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Wenxuan Xie , Yujia Wang , Xin Tan , Chaochao Lu , Xia Hu , Xuhong Wang

Analogical reasoning -- the capacity to identify and map structural relationships between different domains -- is fundamental to human cognition and learning. Recent studies have shown that large language models (LLMs) can sometimes match…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Sam Musker , Alex Duchnowski , Raphaël Millière , Ellie Pavlick

Recent advancements in multimodal large reasoning models (MLRMs) have significantly improved performance in visual question answering. However, we observe that transition words (e.g., because, however, and wait) are closely associated with…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Zhongxing Xu , Zhonghua Wang , Zhe Qian , Dachuan Shi , Feilong Tang , Ming Hu , Shiyan Su , Xiaocheng Zou , Wei Feng , Dwarikanath Mahapatra , Yifan Peng , Mingquan Lin , Zongyuan Ge

Novel research ideas play a critical role in advancing scientific inquiries. Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated their potential to generate novel research ideas by leveraging large-scale scientific…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Keyu Zhao , Weiquan Lin , Qirui Zheng , Fengli Xu , Yong Li

The evolution of Large Language Model (LLM) agents towards System~2 reasoning, characterized by deliberative, high-precision problem-solving, requires maintaining rigorous logical integrity over extended horizons. However, prevalent memory…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Kaixiang Wang , Yidan Lin , Jiong Lou , Zhaojiacheng Zhou , Bunyod Suvonov , Jie Li

Long-context reasoning is essential for complex real-world applications, yet remains a significant challenge for Large Language Models (LLMs). Despite the rapid evolution in long-context reasoning, current research often overlooks the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Yanling Xiao , Huaibing Xie , Guoliang Zhao , Shihan Dou , Shaolei Wang , Yiting Liu , Nantao Zheng , Cheng Zhang , Pluto Zhou , Zhisong Zhang , Lemao Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown impressive capabilities in complex reasoning tasks. However, current approaches employ uniform language density for both intermediate reasoning and final answers, leading to computational…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Zhengyi Zhao , Shubo Zhang , Yuxi Zhang , Huimin Wang , Binyang Li , Kam-Fai Wong

Reasoning-enhanced large language models (LLMs) explicitly generate intermediate reasoning steps prior to generating final answers, helping the model excel in complex problem-solving. In this paper, we demonstrate that this emerging…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Tong Wu , Chong Xiang , Jiachen T. Wang , G. Edward Suh , Prateek Mittal

Large language models (LLMs) achieve promising performance, yet their ability to reason remains poorly understood. Existing evaluations largely emphasize task-level accuracy, often conflating pattern matching with reasoning capability. We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Gao Tianxi , Cai Yufan , Yuan Yusi , Dong Jin Song

What is reasoning? This question has driven centuries of philosophical inquiry, from Aristotle's syllogisms to modern computational complexity theory. In the age of large language models achieving superhuman performance on benchmarks like…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Zixi Li