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Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have substantially improved single-turn task performance, yet real-world applications increasingly demand sophisticated multi-turn interactions. This survey provides a comprehensive review of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yubo Li , Xiaobin Shen , Yidi Miao , Xinyu Yao , Xueying Ding , Ramayya Krishnan , Rema Padman

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance on many different Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. Prompt engineering plays a key role in adding more to the already existing abilities of LLMs to achieve significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Shubham Vatsal , Harsh Dubey

We propose SLOT (Sample-specific Language Model Optimization at Test-time), a novel and parameter-efficient test-time inference approach that enhances a language model's ability to more accurately respond to individual prompts. Existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Yang Hu , Xingyu Zhang , Xueji Fang , Zhiyang Chen , Xiao Wang , Huatian Zhang , Guojun Qi

The use of large language models (LLMs) in natural language processing (NLP) tasks is rapidly increasing, leading to changes in how researchers approach problems in the field. To fully utilize these models' abilities, a better understanding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Bishal Santra , Sakya Basak , Abhinandan De , Manish Gupta , Pawan Goyal

Given the great success of large language models (LLMs) across various tasks, in this paper, we introduce LLM-ST, a novel and effective speech translation model constructed upon a pre-trained LLM. By integrating the large language model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-22 Zhichao Huang , Rong Ye , Tom Ko , Qianqian Dong , Shanbo Cheng , Mingxuan Wang , Hang Li

Multi-turn interaction in the dialogue system research refers to a system's ability to maintain context across multiple dialogue turns, enabling it to generate coherent and contextually relevant responses. Recent advancements in large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-20 Chen Zhang , Xinyi Dai , Yaxiong Wu , Qu Yang , Yasheng Wang , Ruiming Tang , Yong Liu

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly utilized in various complex reasoning tasks due to their excellent instruction following capability. However, the model's performance is highly dependent on the open-ended characteristics of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Zhenzhen Huang , Chaoning Zhang , Fachrina Dewi Puspitasari , Jiaquan Zhang , Yitian Zhou , Shuxu Chen , Yang Yang

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success in a wide range of natural language processing tasks and can be adapted through prompting. However, they remain suboptimal in multi-turn interactions, often relying on incorrect…

Small language models (SLMs; 1-12B params, sometimes up to 20B) are sufficient and often superior for agentic workloads where the objective is schema- and API-constrained accuracy rather than open-ended generation. We synthesize recent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Raghav Sharma , Manan Mehta

Small Language Models (SLMs) have gained substantial attention due to their ability to execute diverse language tasks successfully while using fewer computer resources. These models are particularly ideal for deployment in limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Tanjil Hasan Sakib , Md. Tanzib Hosain , Md. Kishor Morol

In this paper, we introduce a method for fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs), inspired by Multi-Task learning in a federated manner. Our approach leverages the structure of each client's model and enables a learning scheme that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Ahmed Elbakary , Chaouki Ben Issaid , Tamer ElBatt , Karim Seddik , Mehdi Bennis

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become a popular interface for human-AI interaction, supporting information seeking and task assistance through natural, multi-turn dialogue. To respond to users within multi-turn dialogues, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Fengran Mo , Yifan Gao , Sha Li , Hansi Zeng , Xin Liu , Zhaoxuan Tan , Xian Li , Jianshu Chen , Dakuo Wang , Meng Jiang

Large language models (LLMs) often struggle to learn from corrective feedback within a conversational context. They are rarely proactive in soliciting this feedback, even when faced with ambiguity, which can make their dialogues feel…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Jonathan Cook , Diego Antognini , Martin Klissarov , Claudiu Musat , Edward Grefenstette

Large language models (LLMs) have been applied in various applications due to their astonishing capabilities. With advancements in technologies such as chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting and in-context learning (ICL), the prompts fed to LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-07 Huiqiang Jiang , Qianhui Wu , Chin-Yew Lin , Yuqing Yang , Lili Qiu

Function calling is a complex task with widespread applications in domains such as information retrieval, software engineering and automation. For example, a query to book the shortest flight from New York to London on January 15 requires…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Ishan Kavathekar , Raghav Donakanti , Ponnurangam Kumaraguru , Karthik Vaidhyanathan

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in real-world applications where users engage in extended, mixed-topic conversations that depend on prior context. Yet, their reliability under realistic multi-turn interactions remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Jiyoon Myung

Spatio-temporal forecasting plays a crucial role in various sectors such as transportation systems, logistics, and supply chain management. However, existing methods are limited by their ability to handle large, complex datasets. To…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Sakhinana Sagar Srinivas , Chidaksh Ravuru , Geethan Sannidhi , Venkataramana Runkana

Large language models (LLMs) and their variants have shown extraordinary efficacy across numerous downstream natural language processing (NLP) tasks, which has presented a new vision for the development of NLP. Despite their remarkable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-18 Yazhou Zhang , Mengyao Wang , Youxi Wu , Prayag Tiwari , Qiuchi Li , Benyou Wang , Jing Qin

This paper introduces an efficient strategy to transform Large Language Models (LLMs) into Multi-Modal Large Language Models (MLLMs). By conceptualizing this transformation as a domain adaptation process, i.e., transitioning from text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Bingchen Zhao , Haoqin Tu , Chen Wei , Jieru Mei , Cihang Xie

Currently, large language models (LLMs) predominantly focus on the text modality. To enable more natural human-AI interaction, speech LLMs are emerging, but building effective end-to-end speech LLMs remains challenging due to limited data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Yan Zhou , Qingkai Fang , Yun Hong , Yang Feng