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Large language models have revolutionized natural language processing through self-supervised pretraining on massive datasets. Inspired by this success, researchers have explored adapting these methods to speech by discretizing continuous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Luca Della Libera , Francesco Paissan , Cem Subakan , Mirco Ravanelli

Large Audio Language Models (LALMs) have emerged with strong performance across diverse audio understanding tasks and can be further enhanced by neural audio codecs. Transitioning from multi-layer residual vector quantizers to a…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Jingyi Li , Zhiyuan Zhao , Zhisheng Zhang , Yunfei Liu , Lijian Lin , Ye Zhu , Jiahao Wu , Qiuqiang Kong , Yu Li

Automated audio captioning aims to describe audio data with captions using natural language. Existing methods often employ an encoder-decoder structure, where the attention-based decoder (e.g., Transformer decoder) is widely used and…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-08-10 Feiyang Xiao , Jian Guan , Haiyan Lan , Qiaoxi Zhu , Wenwu Wang

Neural audio codecs have recently gained traction for their ability to compress high-fidelity audio and provide discrete tokens for generative modeling. However, leading approaches often rely on resource-intensive models and complex…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Linwei Zhai , Han Ding , Cui Zhao , fei wang , Ge Wang , Wang Zhi , Wei Xi

Integrating audio comprehension and generation into large language models (LLMs) remains challenging due to the continuous nature of audio and the resulting high sampling rates. Here, we introduce a novel approach that combines Variational…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-31 Shivam Mehta , Nebojsa Jojic , Hannes Gamper

Audio tokenization has emerged as a critical component in end-to-end audio language models, enabling efficient discrete representation learning for both audio understanding and generation tasks. However, existing audio tokenizers face…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-15 Xiangyu Zhang , Benjamin John Southwell , Siqi Pan , Xinlei Niu , Beena Ahmed , Julien Epps

This paper introduces DashengTokenizer, a continuous audio tokenizer engineered for joint use in both understanding and generation tasks. Unlike conventional approaches, which train acoustic tokenizers and subsequently integrate frozen…

This paper presents LongCat-Audio-Codec, an audio tokenizer and detokenizer solution designed for industrial grade end-to-end speech large language models. By leveraging a decoupled model architecture and a multistage training strategy,…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-20 Xiaohan Zhao , Hongyu Xiang , Shengze Ye , Song Li , Zhengkun Tian , Guanyu Chen , Ke Ding , Guanglu Wan

Audio autoencoders learn useful, compressed audio representations, but their non-linear latent spaces prevent intuitive algebraic manipulation such as mixing or scaling. We introduce a simple training methodology to induce linearity in a…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Bernardo Torres , Manuel Moussallam , Gabriel Meseguer-Brocal

Generally speaking, the main objective when training a neural speech synthesis system is to synthesize natural and expressive speech from the output layer of the neural network without much attention given to the hidden layers. However, by…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-06-28 Hieu-Thi Luong , Junichi Yamagishi

The advent of neural audio codecs has increased in popularity due to their potential for efficiently modeling audio with transformers. Such advanced codecs represent audio from a highly continuous waveform to low-sampled discrete units. In…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-19 Samir Sadok , Julien Hauret , Éric Bavu

We introduce AudioLM, a framework for high-quality audio generation with long-term consistency. AudioLM maps the input audio to a sequence of discrete tokens and casts audio generation as a language modeling task in this representation…

Neural Audio Codecs, initially designed as a compression technique, have gained more attention recently for speech generation. Codec models represent each audio frame as a sequence of tokens, i.e., discrete embeddings. The discrete and…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-31 Alexander H. Liu , Qirui Wang , Yuan Gong , James Glass

Speech tokenization is crucial in digital speech processing, converting continuous speech signals into discrete units for various computational tasks. This paper introduces a novel speech tokenizer with broad applicability across downstream…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Wonjin Jung , Sungil Kang , Dong-Yeon Cho

Speech tokenization serves as the foundation of speech language model (LM), enabling them to perform various tasks such as spoken language modeling, text-to-speech, speech-to-text, etc. Most speech tokenizers are trained independently of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Arnon Turetzky , Yossi Adi

Discrete audio tokens have recently gained attention for their potential to bridge the gap between audio and language processing. Ideal audio tokens must preserve content, paralinguistic elements, speaker identity, and many other audio…

Real-world text applications often involve composing a wide range of text control operations, such as editing the text w.r.t. an attribute, manipulating keywords and structure, and generating new text of desired properties. Prior work…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Guangyi Liu , Zeyu Feng , Yuan Gao , Zichao Yang , Xiaodan Liang , Junwei Bao , Xiaodong He , Shuguang Cui , Zhen Li , Zhiting Hu

Recent advances in the field of generative models and in particular generative adversarial networks (GANs) have lead to substantial progress for controlled image editing, especially compared with the pre-deep learning era. Despite their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Gwilherm Lesné , Yann Gousseau , Saïd Ladjal , Alasdair Newson

We introduce a novel technique for creative audio resynthesis that operates by reworking the concept of granular synthesis at the latent vector level. Our approach creates a "granular codebook" by encoding a source audio corpus into latent…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Nao Tokui , Tom Baker

Tokenisation is the first step in almost all NLP tasks, and state-of-the-art transformer-based language models all use subword tokenisation algorithms to process input text. Existing algorithms have problems, often producing tokenisations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Edward Gow-Smith , Harish Tayyar Madabushi , Carolina Scarton , Aline Villavicencio