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We present an empirical study of how both experienced tutors and non-tutors judge the correctness of tutor praise responses under different Artificial Intelligence (AI)-assisted interfaces, types of explanation (textual explanations vs.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Eason Chen , Jeffrey Li , Scarlett Huang , Xinyi Tang , Jionghao Lin , Paulo Carvalho , Kenneth Koedinger

Effective pair programming depends on coordination of attention, cognitive effort, and joint regulation over time, yet most adaptive learning systems remain individual-centric and reactive. This paper introduces ProPACT, a proactive…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Anahita Golrang , Kshitij Sharma , olga viberg

Despite artificial intelligence (AI) having transformed major aspects of our society, less than a fraction of its potential has been explored, let alone deployed, for education. AI-powered learning can provide millions of learners with a…

Current Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based tutoring systems (AI tutors) are primarily evaluated based on the pedagogical quality of their feedback messages. While important, pedagogy alone is insufficient because it ignores a critical…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Rose Niousha , Samantha Boatright Smith , Bita Akram , Peter Brusilovsky , Arto Hellas , Juho Leinonen , John DeNero , Narges Norouzi

This study examines the impact of an Artificial Intelligence tutor teammate (AI) on student curiosity-driven engagement and learning effectiveness during Interactive Molecular Dynamics (IMD) tasks on the Visual Molecular Dynamics platform.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Mustafa Demir , Jacob Miratsky , Jonathan Nguyen , Chun Kit Chan , Punya Mishra , Abhishek Singharoy

Effective learning strategies based on principles like personalization, retrieval practice, and spaced repetition are often challenging to implement due to practical constraints. Here we explore the integration of AI tutors to complement…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Ambroise Baillifard , Maxime Gabella , Pamela Banta Lavenex , Corinna S. Martarelli

Pair programming is a widely used collaborative learning practice in computer science education yet its effectiveness varies substantially due to breakdowns in coordination attention and cognitive regulation between partners. This paper…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Anahita Golrang , Kshitij Sharma

Most AI-based educational tools today adopt a one-on-one tutoring paradigm, pairing a single LLM with a single learner. Yet decades of learning science research suggest that multi-party interaction -- through peer modeling, co-construction,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Harsh Kumar , Zi Kang , Mu , Jonathan Vincentius , Ashton Anderson

Timely and high-quality feedback is essential for effective learning in programming courses; yet, providing such support at scale remains a challenge. While AI-based systems offer scalable and immediate help, their responses can…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Tung Phung , Heeryung Choi , Mengyan Wu , Christopher Brooks , Sumit Gulwani , Adish Singla

Collaborative decision-making with artificial intelligence (AI) agents presents opportunities and challenges. While human-AI performance often surpasses that of individuals, the impact of such technology on human behavior remains…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-18 Marco Matarese , Francesco Rea , Katharina J. Rohlfing , Alessandra Sciutti

The growth of Educational Technology (EdTech) has enabled highly personalized learning experiences through Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based recommendation systems tailored to each student needs. However, these systems can unintentionally…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Nazarii Drushchak , Vladyslava Tyshchenko , Nataliya Polyakovska

Although the use of active learning to increase learners' engagement has recently been introduced in a variety of methods, empirical experiments are lacking. In this study, we attempted to align two experiments in order to (1) make a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-10 Jaeseo Lim , Hwiyeol Jo , Byoung-Tak Zhang , Jooyong Park

Human-AI complementarity, the idea that combining human and AI judgments can outperform either alone, offers a promising pathway toward robust oversight of advanced AI systems. However, whether human-AI complementarity can be achieved on…

AI can not only outperform people in many planning tasks, but it can also teach them how to plan better. A recent and promising approach to improving human decision-making is to create intelligent tutors that utilize AI to discover and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Lovis Heindrich , Saksham Consul , Falk Lieder

This paper tackles the critical challenge of human-AI complementarity in decision-making. Departing from the traditional focus on algorithmic performance in favor of performance of the human-AI team, and moving past the framing of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Ruijiang Gao , Maytal Saar-Tsechansky , Maria De-Arteaga

With the continuous development of technological and educational innovation, learners nowadays can obtain a variety of support from agents such as teachers, peers, education technologies, and recently, generative artificial intelligence…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Yizhou Fan , Luzhen Tang , Huixiao Le , Kejie Shen , Shufang Tan , Yueying Zhao , Yuan Shen , Xinyu Li , Dragan Gašević

The collaboration between humans and artificial intelligence (AI) holds the promise of achieving superior outcomes compared to either acting alone-a phenomenon called human-AI synergy. Nevertheless, our understanding of the conditions that…

Learning analytics research increasingly studies classroom learning with AI-based systems through rich contextual data from outside these systems, especially student-teacher interactions. One key challenge in leveraging such data is…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Conrad Borchers , Yeyu Wang , Shamya Karumbaiah , Muhammad Ashiq , David Williamson Shaffer , Vincent Aleven

Despite universal GenAI adoption, students cannot distinguish task performance from actual learning and lack skills to leverage AI for learning, leading to worse exam performance when AI use remains unreflective. Yet few interventions…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Ruiwei Xiao , Runlong Ye , Xinying Hou , Jessica Wen , Harsh Kumar , Michael Liut , John Stamper

AI-augmented classrooms generate rich teacher and student feedback before graded outcomes become available, yet these signals can be difficult to translate into timely instructional decisions. We propose an interpretable decision layer: a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Junsoo Park , Youssef Medhat , Htet Phyo Wai , Ploy Thajchayapong , Ashok K. Goel