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Q-learning has become an important part of the reinforcement learning toolkit since its introduction in the dissertation of Chris Watkins in the 1980s. The purpose of this paper is in part a tutorial on stochastic approximation and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Sean Meyn

This research paper introduces a model-free optimal controller for discrete-time Markovian jump linear systems (MJLSs), employing principles from the methodology of reinforcement learning (RL). While Q-learning methods have demonstrated…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-07 Ehsan Badfar , Babak Tavassoli

We study the convergence of $Q$-learning with linear function approximation. Our key contribution is the introduction of a novel multi-Bellman operator that extends the traditional Bellman operator. By exploring the properties of this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-02 Diogo S. Carvalho , Pedro A. Santos , Francisco S. Melo

We study reinforcement learning in infinite-horizon discounted Markov decision processes with continuous state spaces, where data are generated online from a single trajectory under a Markovian behavior policy. To avoid maintaining an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Shengbo Wang

Temporal-difference and Q-learning play a key role in deep reinforcement learning, where they are empowered by expressive nonlinear function approximators such as neural networks. At the core of their empirical successes is the learned…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Yufeng Zhang , Qi Cai , Zhuoran Yang , Yongxin Chen , Zhaoran Wang

This paper studies the continuous-time q-learning (the continuous time counterpart of Q-learing) for Markov switching system under Tsallis entropy regularization. We address the difficulty in traditional RL algorithms where the Tsallis…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-01-28 Minghui Zhang , Xun Li , Xin Zhang

Distributionally robust reinforcement learning (DRRL) focuses on designing policies that achieve good performance under model uncertainties. The goal is to maximize the worst-case long-term discounted reward, where the data for RL comes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Saptarshi Mandal , Yashaswini Murthy , R. Srikant

In this paper, we provide a unified analysis of temporal difference learning algorithms with linear function approximators by exploiting their connections to Markov jump linear systems (MJLS). We tailor the MJLS theory developed in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-06 Bin Hu , Usman Ahmed Syed

Q-learning is a promising method for solving optimal control problems for uncertain systems without the explicit need for system identification. However, approaches for continuous-time Q-learning have limited provable safety guarantees,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-30 Soutrik Bandyopadhyay , Shubhendu Bhasin

This paper delves into designing stabilizing feedback control gains for continuous linear systems with unknown state matrix, in which the control is subject to a general structural constraint. We bring forth the ideas from reinforcement…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-11 Sayak Mukherjee , Thanh Long Vu

This paper investigates the stability of switched linear systems whose switching signal is modeled as a stochastic process called a regenerative process. We show that the mean stability of such a switched system is characterized by the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-11-04 Masaki Ogura , Clyde F. Martin

Stochastic Approximation (SA) is a widely used algorithmic approach in various fields, including optimization and reinforcement learning (RL). Among RL algorithms, Q-learning is particularly popular due to its empirical success. In this…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-01-26 Yixuan Zhang , Qiaomin Xie

Q-learning is one of the most popular methods in Reinforcement Learning (RL). Transfer Learning aims to utilize the learned knowledge from source tasks to help new tasks to improve the sample complexity of the new tasks. Considering that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-25 Yue Wang , Qi Meng , Wei Cheng , Yuting Liug , Zhi-Ming Ma , Tie-Yan Liu

We present a distributional approach to theoretical analyses of reinforcement learning algorithms for constant step-sizes. We demonstrate its effectiveness by presenting simple and unified proofs of convergence for a variety of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-30 Philip Amortila , Doina Precup , Prakash Panangaden , Marc G. Bellemare

Reinforcement learning is commonly used with function approximation. However, very few positive results are known about the convergence of function approximation based RL control algorithms. In this paper we show that TD(0) and Sarsa(0)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Istvan Szita , Andras Lorincz

Deep Reinforcement Learning (RL) has demonstrated success in solving complex sequential decision-making problems by integrating neural networks with the RL framework. However, training deep RL models poses several challenges, such as the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Sooraj Sathish , Keshav Goyal , Raghuram Bharadwaj Diddigi

We study the continuous-time counterpart of Q-learning for reinforcement learning (RL) under the entropy-regularized, exploratory diffusion process formulation introduced by Wang et al. (2020). As the conventional (big) Q-function collapses…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Yanwei Jia , Xun Yu Zhou

Reinforcement learning (RL) has achieved significant success across a wide range of domains, however, most existing methods are formulated in discrete time. In this work, we introduce a novel RL method for continuous-time control, where…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Chengxiu Hua , Jiawen Gu , Yushun Tang

This paper concerns quasi-stochastic approximation (QSA) to solve root finding problems commonly found in applications to optimization and reinforcement learning. The general constant gain algorithm may be expressed as the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-04-02 Caio Kalil Lauand , Sean Meyn

Learning-based control of linear systems received a lot of attentions recently. In popular settings, the true dynamical models are unknown to the decision-maker and need to be interactively learned by applying control inputs to the systems.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-01-06 Mohamad Kazem Shirani Faradonbeh , Aditya Modi