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Compute scaling for language model (LM) pretraining has outpaced the growth of human-written texts, leading to concerns that data will become the bottleneck to LM scaling. To continue scaling pretraining in this data-constrained regime, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Yangjun Ruan , Neil Band , Chris J. Maddison , Tatsunori Hashimoto

Scaling autoregressive large language models (LLMs) has driven unprecedented progress but comes with vast computational costs. In this work, we tackle these costs by leveraging unstructured sparsity within an LLM's feedforward layers, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Edoardo Cetin , Stefano Peluchetti , Emilio Castillo , Akira Naruse , Mana Murakami , Llion Jones

Chain-of-thought and more broadly test-time compute are known to augment the expressive capabilities of language models and have led to major innovations in reasoning. Motivated by this success, this paper explores latent chain-of-thought…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Carson Dudley , Samet Oymak

The fast development of Large Language Models (LLMs) offers growing opportunities to further improve sequential recommendation systems. Yet for some practitioners, integrating LLMs to their existing base recommendation systems raises…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Nanshan Jia , Chenfei Yuan , Yuhang Wu , Zeyu Zheng

Chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting enables reasoning in language models but requires explicit verbalization of intermediate steps. Looped transformers offer an alternative by iteratively refining representations within hidden states. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Markus Frey , Behzad Shomali , Ali Hamza Bashir , David Berghaus , Joachim Koehler , Mehdi Ali

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved strong performance on complex reasoning tasks using techniques such as chain-of-thought and self-consistency. However, ensemble-based approaches, especially self-consistency which relies on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Qinglin Zeng , Jing Yang , Keze Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in various reasoning tasks, yet they often struggle with problems involving missing information, exhibiting issues such as incomplete responses, factual errors, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Yuxin Liu , Chaojie Gu , Yihang Zhang , Bin Qian , Shibo He

Chain of Thought (CoT) prompting improves the reasoning performance of large language models (LLMs) by encouraging step by step thinking. However, CoT-based methods depend on intermediate reasoning steps, which limits scalability and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Guanghao Li , Wenhao Jiang , Mingfeng Chen , Yan Li , Hao Yu , Shuting Dong , Tao Ren , Ming Tang , Chun Yuan

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have shown remarkable reasoning capabilities, yet they often suffer from overthinking, expending redundant computational steps on simple problems, or underthinking, failing to explore sufficient reasoning paths…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Yulin Li , Tengyao Tu , Li Ding , Junjie Wang , Huiling Zhen , Yixin Chen , Yong Li , Zhuotao Tian

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently made significant advances in code generation through the 'Chain-of-Thought' prompting technique. This technique empowers the model to autonomously devise "solution plans" to tackle intricate…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Zhihong Sun , Chen Lyu , Bolun Li , Yao Wan , Hongyu Zhang , Ge Li , Zhi Jin

Allocating more compute to large language models (LLMs) reasoning has generally been demonstrated to improve their effectiveness, but also results in increased inference time. In contrast, humans can perform tasks faster and better with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Bo Pan , Liang Zhao

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved significant advances in reasoning tasks. A key approach is tree-based search with verifiers, which expand candidate reasoning paths and use reward models to guide pruning and selection. Although…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Yingqian Cui , Zhenwei Dai , Pengfei He , Bing He , Hui Liu , Xianfeng Tang , Jingying Zeng , Suhang Wang , Yue Xing , Jiliang Tang , Benoit Dumoulin

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance in reasoning tasks but face limitations in mathematical and complex logical reasoning. Existing methods to improve LLMs' logical capabilities either involve traceable or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Jiahao Yuan , Dehui Du , Hao Zhang , Zixiang Di , Usman Naseem

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed to perform tasks with minimal human oversight, it is crucial that these models operate robustly. In particular, a model that can solve a given problem should not fail simply because…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Philipp Mondorf , Samuel J. Bell , Jesse Dodge , Dieuwke Hupkes

Several closed-source LLMs have consistently outperformed open-source alternatives in program repair tasks, primarily due to their superior reasoning capabilities and extensive pre-training. This paper introduces Repairity, a novel…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Xunzhu Tang , Jacques Klein , Tegawendé F. Bissyandé

We propose a novel framework for comprehending the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) through the perspective of meta-learning. By conceptualizing reasoning trajectories as pseudo-gradient descent updates to the LLM's…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Junnan Liu , Hongwei Liu , Linchen Xiao , Shudong Liu , Taolin Zhang , Zihan Ma , Songyang Zhang , Kai Chen

We present that hierarchical LLM reasoning via scaling thought templates can effectively optimize the reasoning search space and outperform the mathematical reasoning capabilities of powerful LLMs like OpenAI o1-preview and DeepSeek V3. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Ling Yang , Zhaochen Yu , Bin Cui , Mengdi Wang

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated that progressive refinement, rather than providing a single answer, results in more accurate and thoughtful outputs. However, existing methods often rely heavily on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Chengyu Du , Jinyi Han , Yizhou Ying , Aili Chen , Qianyu He , Haokun Zhao , Sirui Xia , Haoran Guo , Jiaqing Liang , Zulong Chen , Liangyue Li , Yanghua Xiao

This work presents Pangu Embedded, an efficient Large Language Model (LLM) reasoner developed on Ascend Neural Processing Units (NPUs), featuring flexible fast and slow thinking capabilities. Pangu Embedded addresses the significant…

Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) is a special class of recurrent neural network, which has shown remarkable successes in processing sequential data. The typical architecture of an LSTM involves a set of states and gates: the states retain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-12-03 Arash Ardakani , Zhengyun Ji , Warren J. Gross
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