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Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have exhibited notable efficacy in question-answering (QA) tasks across diverse domains. Their prowess in integrating extensive web knowledge has fueled interest in developing LLM-based…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2023-12-05 Yangyang Yu , Haohang Li , Zhi Chen , Yuechen Jiang , Yang Li , Denghui Zhang , Rong Liu , Jordan W. Suchow , Khaldoun Khashanah

Long-running AI agents need persistent memory. Memory supports learning across sessions, reduces repeated context injection, and enables auditing of past decisions. Current agent memory systems and database paradigms treat memory as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Abdelghny Orogat , Essam Mansour

Language-model-based agents operating over extended interaction horizons face persistent challenges in preserving temporally grounded information and maintaining behavioral consistency across sessions, a failure mode we term soul erosion.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Yang Li , Jiaxiang Liu , Yusong Wang , Yujie Wu , Mingkun Xu

Driven by the development of persistent, self-adapting autonomous agents, equipping these systems with high-fidelity memory access for long-horizon reasoning has emerged as a critical requirement. However, prevalent retrieval-based memory…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Zhixing You , Jiachen Yuan , Jason Cai

Language model (LM)-based agents have demonstrated promising capabilities in automating complex tasks from natural language instructions, yet they continue to struggle with long-horizon planning and reasoning. To address this, we propose an…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Wenyi Wu , Sibo Zhu , Kun Zhou , Biwei Huang

All sequential decision-making agents explore so as to acquire knowledge about a particular target. It is often the responsibility of the agent designer to construct this target which, in rich and complex environments, constitutes a onerous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-28 Dilip Arumugam , Benjamin Van Roy

Large language model (LLM) agents are fundamentally bottlenecked by finite context windows on long-horizon tasks. As trajectories grow, retaining tool outputs and intermediate reasoning in-context quickly becomes infeasible: the working…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Zhenting Wang , Huancheng Chen , Jiayun Wang , Wei Wei

Long-term memory systems enable conversational agents based on large language models (LLMs) to retain, retrieve, and apply user-specific information across multi-session interactions. However, existing evaluations mainly assess…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Zhen Tao , Jinxiang Zhao , Peng Liu , Dinghao Xi , Yanfang Chen , Wei Xu , Zhiyu Li

In some rate-distortion-type problems, the required fidelity of information is affected by past actions. As a result, the distortion function depends not only on the instantaneous distortion between a source symbol and its representation…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Hamidreza Abin , Amin Gohari , Andrew W. Eckford

Memory systems for LLM agents struggle to determine what information deserves retention. Existing approaches rely on predefined heuristics such as importance scores, emotional tags, or factual templates, encoding designer intuition rather…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Wenquan Ma , Jiayan Nan , Wenlong Wu , Yize Chen

LLM-based conversational agents still struggle to maintain coherent, personalized interaction over many sessions: fixed context windows limit how much history can be kept in view, and most external memory approaches trade off between coarse…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Sizhe Zhou , Jiawei Han

Although Transformers with fully connected self-attentions are powerful to model long-term dependencies, they are struggling to scale to long texts with thousands of words in language modeling. One of the solutions is to equip the model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-27 Haozhe Ji , Rongsheng Zhang , Zhenyu Yang , Zhipeng Hu , Minlie Huang

Large Language Models (LLMs) often struggle with structural ambiguity in optimization problems, where a single problem admits multiple related but conflicting modeling paradigms, hindering effective solution generation. To address this, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Xinyu Zhang , Yuchen Wan , Boxuan Zhang , Zesheng Yang , Lingling Zhang , Bifan Wei , Jun Liu

Long-horizon agents face the challenge of growing context size during interaction with environment, which degrades the performance and stability. Existing methods typically introduce the external memory module and look up the relevant…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Ruoran Li , Xinghua Zhang , Haiyang Yu , Shitong Duan , Xiang Li , Wenxin Xiang , Chonghua Liao , Xudong Guo , Yongbin Li , Jinli Suo

Recent advances in persona-centric memory have revealed the powerful capability of multi-agent systems in managing persona memory, especially in conversational scenarios. However, these complex frameworks often suffer from information loss…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Qi Zhang , Shen Huang , Chu Liu , Shouqing Yang , Junbo Zhao , Haobo Wang , Pengjun Xie

Memory plays a central role in enabling large language models (LLMs) to operate over sequential tasks by accumulating and reusing experience over time. However, existing evaluations of LLM memory mostly rely on aggregate metrics such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Songwei Dong , Zihan Chen , Chengshuai Shi , Peng Wang , Jundong Li , Cong Shen

Long-term memory is crucial for agents in specialized web environments, where success depends on recalling interface affordances, state dynamics, workflows, and recurring failure modes. However, existing memory benchmarks for agents mostly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Di Wu , Zixiang Ji , Asmi Kawatkar , Bryan Kwan , Jia-Chen Gu , Nanyun Peng , Kai-Wei Chang

Large language model (LLM) agents demonstrate strong performance in short-text contexts but often underperform in extended dialogues due to inefficient memory management. Existing approaches face a fundamental trade-off between efficiency…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Xiaochen Zhao , Kaikai Wang , Xiaowen Zhang , Chen Yao , Aili Wang

Although long-term memory systems have made substantial progress in recent years, they still exhibit clear limitations in adaptability, scalability, and self-evolution under continuous interaction settings. Inspired by cognitive theories,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Ningning Zhang , Xingxing Yang , Zhizhong Tan , Weiping Deng , Wenyong Wang

The quintessential model-based reinforcement-learning agent iteratively refines its estimates or prior beliefs about the true underlying model of the environment. Recent empirical successes in model-based reinforcement learning with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-02 Dilip Arumugam , Benjamin Van Roy