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We introduce ETOM, a five-level benchmark for evaluating multi-hop, end-to-end tool orchestration by LLM agents within a hierarchical Model-Context Protocol (MCP) ecosystem. Existing benchmarks often assess tools in isolation, overlooking…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Jia-Kai Dong , I-Wei Huang , Chun-Tin Wu , Yi-Tien Tsai

Analytical methods underpin geotechnical engineering practice, yet their implementation remains fragmented across error-prone spreadsheets and opaque proprietary software. While Large Language Models (LLMs) offer transformative potential…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Yared W. Bekele

Autonomous agents driven by Large Language Models (LLMs) offer enormous potential for automation. Early proof of this technology can be found in various demonstrations of agents solving complex tasks, interacting with external systems to…

We investigate how large language models (LLMs) fail when operating as autonomous agents with tool-use capabilities. Using the Kamiwaza Agentic Merit Index (KAMI) v0.1 benchmark, we analyze 900 execution traces from three representative…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-10 JV Roig

In the field of MLLM-based GUI agents, compared to smartphones, the PC scenario not only features a more complex interactive environment, but also involves more intricate intra- and inter-app workflows. To address these issues, we propose a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Haowei Liu , Xi Zhang , Haiyang Xu , Yuyang Wanyan , Junyang Wang , Ming Yan , Ji Zhang , Chunfeng Yuan , Changsheng Xu , Weiming Hu , Fei Huang

This benchmark suite provides a comprehensive evaluation framework for assessing both individual LLMs and multi-agent systems in Real-world planning and scheduling scenarios. The suite encompasses 14 designed planning and scheduling…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Longling Geng , Edward Y. Chang

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has emerged as a widely adopted mechanism for connecting large language models to external tools and resources. While MCP promises seamless extensibility and rich integrations, it also introduces a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Zhihao Li , Kun Li , Boyang Ma , Minghui Xu , Yue Zhang , Xiuzhen Cheng

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) enables large language models (LLMs) to dynamically discover and invoke third-party tools, significantly expanding agent capabilities while introducing a distinct security landscape. Unlike prompt-only…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Mehrdad Rostamzadeh , Sidhant Narula , Nahom Birhan , Mohammad Ghasemigol , Daniel Takabi

Large language models (LLMs) have shown promise for automated patching, but their effectiveness depends strongly on how they are integrated into patching systems. While prior work explores prompting strategies and individual agent designs,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Qingxiao Xu , Ze Sheng , Zhicheng Chen , Jeff Huang

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has emerged as a standard for connecting large language models (LLMs) with external tools. However, this MCP ecosystem introduces new security risks across hosts, servers, and registries. In this paper, we…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Xiaofan Li , Xing Gao

Large language model-based agents show promise for software engineering, but environment configuration remains a bottleneck due to heavy manual effort and scarce large-scale, high-quality datasets. Existing benchmarks assess only end-to-end…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Jiayi Kuang , Yinghui Li , Xin Zhang , Yangning Li , Di Yin , Xing Sun , Ying Shen , Philip S. Yu

Modern work relies on an assortment of digital collaboration tools, yet routine processes continue to suffer from human error and delay. To address this gap, this dissertation extends TheAgentCompany with a finance-focused environment and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Rory Milsom

The proliferation of LLM-based agents has led to increasing deployment of inter-agent collaboration for tasks like scheduling, negotiation, resource allocation etc. In such systems, privacy is critical, as agents often access proprietary…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Gurusha Juneja , Alon Albalak , Wenyue Hua , William Yang Wang

To address the steep learning curve and reliance on complex manual file editing and command-line operations in the traditional workflow of the mainstream open-source seismic wave simulation software SPECFEM, this paper proposes an…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Yukun Ren , Siwei Yu , Kai Chen , Jianwei Ma

With the remarkable advancements of large language models (LLMs), LLM-based agents have become a research hotspot in human-computer interaction. However, there is a scarcity of benchmarks available for LLM-based mobile agents. Benchmarking…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Shihan Deng , Weikai Xu , Hongda Sun , Wei Liu , Tao Tan , Jianfeng Liu , Ang Li , Jian Luan , Bin Wang , Rui Yan , Shuo Shang

Large Language Model (LLM)-based agents have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in reasoning, planning, and tool usage. The recently proposed Model Context Protocol (MCP) has emerged as a unifying framework for integrating external tools…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Yuanhe Zhang , Weiliu Wang , Zhenhong Zhou , Kun Wang , Jie Zhang , Li Sun , Yang Liu , Sen Su

Medical calculators are fundamental to quantitative, evidence-based clinical practice. However, their real-world use is an adaptive, multi-stage process, requiring proactive EHR data acquisition, scenario-dependent calculator selection, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Yakun Zhu , Yutong Huang , Shengqian Qin , Zhongzhen Huang , Shaoting Zhang , Xiaofan Zhang

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has emerged as a standardized interface enabling seamless integration between Large Language Models (LLMs) and external data sources and tools. While MCP significantly reduces development complexity and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Bin Wang , Zexin Liu , Hao Yu , Ao Yang , Yenan Huang , Jing Guo , Huangsheng Cheng , Hui Li , Huiyu Wu

As LLM agents tackle increasingly complex tasks, a critical question is whether they can maintain strategic coherence over long horizons: planning under uncertainty, learning from delayed feedback, and adapting when early mistakes compound.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Muyu He , Adit Jain , Anand Kumar , Vincent Tu , Soumyadeep Bakshi , Sachin Patro , Nazneen Rajani

Large Language Models (LLMs) based agent systems have made great strides in real-world applications beyond traditional NLP tasks. This paper proposes a new LLM-based Multi-Agent System (LLM-MAS) benchmark, Collab-Overcooked, built on the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Haochen Sun , Shuwen Zhang , Lujie Niu , Lei Ren , Hao Xu , Hao Fu , Fangkun Zhao , Caixia Yuan , Xiaojie Wang