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Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) has gained significant interest in recent years, enabling sequential decision-making across multiple agents in various domains. However, most existing explanation methods focus on centralized MARL,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Kayla Boggess , Sarit Kraus , Lu Feng

Human demonstration data is often ambiguous and incomplete, motivating imitation learning approaches that also exhibit reliable planning behavior. A common paradigm to perform planning-from-demonstration involves learning a reward function…

Cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) is typically formalised as a Decentralised Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (Dec-POMDP), where agents must reason about the environment and other agents' behaviour. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Kale-ab Abebe Tessera , Leonard Hinckeldey , Riccardo Zamboni , David Abel , Amos Storkey

Unlike reinforcement learning (RL) agents, humans remain capable multitaskers in changing environments. In spite of only experiencing the world through their own observations and interactions, people know how to balance focusing on tasks…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Rishav Bhagat , Jonathan Balloch , Zhiyu Lin , Julia Kim , Mark Riedl

Effective residential appliance scheduling is crucial for sustainable living. While multi-objective reinforcement learning (MORL) has proven effective in balancing user preferences in appliance scheduling, traditional MORL struggles with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-17 Junlin Lu , Patrick Mannion , Karl Mason

Significant advances have recently been achieved in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) which tackles sequential decision-making problems involving multiple participants. However, MARL requires a tremendous number of samples for…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Xihuai Wang , Zhicheng Zhang , Weinan Zhang

Experimental verification has been the method of choice for verifying the stability of a multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) algorithm as the number of agents grows and theoretical analysis becomes prohibitively complex. For…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2009-04-16 Sherief Abdallah

Goal-conditioned reinforcement learning (RL) concerns the problem of training an agent to maximize the probability of reaching target goal states. This paper presents an analysis of the goal-conditioned setting based on optimal control. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Nathan P. Lawrence , Ali Mesbah

A characteristic of reinforcement learning is the ability to develop unforeseen strategies when solving problems. While such strategies sometimes yield superior performance, they may also result in undesired or even dangerous behavior. In…

Lack of reliability is a well-known issue for reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms. This problem has gained increasing attention in recent years, and efforts to improve it have grown substantially. To aid RL researchers and production…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-02-14 Stephanie C. Y. Chan , Samuel Fishman , John Canny , Anoop Korattikara , Sergio Guadarrama

Cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) is making rapid progress for solving tasks in a grid world and real-world scenarios, in which agents are given different attributes and goals, resulting in different behavior through the…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-07-13 Siyi Hu , Chuanlong Xie , Xiaodan Liang , Xiaojun Chang

Single-task RL agents are typically trained under a fixed reward function, which limits their robustness to reward misspecification and their ability to adapt to changing preferences. We introduce Reward-Conditioned Reinforcement Learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Michal Nauman , Marek Cygan , Pieter Abbeel

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has demonstrated its ability to solve complex decision-making problems in a variety of domains, by optimizing reward signals obtained through interaction with an environment. However, many real-world scenarios…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Dilina Rajapakse , Juan C. Rosero , Ivana Dusparic

Negotiation requires more than inferring what the other side wants: it requires using that information to make advantageous offers and counteroffers over multiple turns. We study whether large language model (LLM) agents do this in a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Romain Cosentino , Sarath Shekkizhar , Adam Earle , Silvio Savarese

Reinforcement learning (RL) agents optimize only the features specified in a reward function and are indifferent to anything left out inadvertently. This means that we must not only specify what to do, but also the much larger space of what…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-22 Rohin Shah , Dmitrii Krasheninnikov , Jordan Alexander , Pieter Abbeel , Anca Dragan

Offline multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) is an exciting direction of research that uses static datasets to find optimal control policies for multi-agent systems. Though the field is by definition data-driven, efforts have thus far…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-19 Claude Formanek , Louise Beyers , Callum Rhys Tilbury , Jonathan P. Shock , Arnu Pretorius

Reinforcement learning (RL) and model predictive control (MPC) offer a wealth of distinct approaches for automatic decision-making under uncertainty. Given the impact both fields have had independently across numerous domains, there is…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-13 Nathan P. Lawrence , Philip D. Loewen , Michael G. Forbes , R. Bhushan Gopaluni , Ali Mesbah

Recent research in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has shown success in learning social behavior and cooperation. Social dilemmas between agents in mixed-sum settings have been studied extensively, but there is little research…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-01 Ram Rachum , Yonatan Nakar , Reuth Mirsky

Existing multi-objective reinforcement learning (MORL) algorithms do not account for objectives that arise from players with differing beliefs. Concretely, consider two players with different beliefs and utility functions who may cooperate…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-05-16 Andrew Critch

Existing benchmarks for large language models (LLMs) predominantely focus on assessing their capabilities through verifiable tasks. Such objective and static benchmarks offer limited utility for practical LLM selection, making it difficult…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Qi Jia , Xiujie Song , Zicheng Zhang , Yijin Guo , Kaiwei Zhang , Zijian Chen , Guangtao Zhai