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LLM-based agents represent a paradigm shift in AI, enabling autonomous systems to plan, reason, and use tools while interacting with dynamic environments. This paper provides the first comprehensive survey of evaluation methods for these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Asaf Yehudai , Lilach Eden , Alan Li , Guy Uziel , Yilun Zhao , Roy Bar-Haim , Arman Cohan , Michal Shmueli-Scheuer

We present Test-Driven AI Agent Definition (TDAD), a methodology that treats agent prompts as compiled artifacts: engineers provide behavioral specifications, a coding agent converts them into executable tests, and a second coding agent…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Tzafrir Rehan

The arrival of large language models (LLMs) capable of multi-step reasoning, tool use, and long-horizon planning has produced a qualitative shift in software engineering. Where earlier code-completion tools such as GitHub Copilot operated…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Happy Bhati

We present HADA (Human-AI Agent Decision Alignment), a protocol- and framework agnostic reference architecture that keeps both large language model (LLM) agents and legacy algorithms aligned with organizational targets and values. HADA…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Tapio Pitkäranta , Leena Pitkäranta

The Model Context Protocol (MCP), introduced by Anthropic in November 2024 and now governed by the Linux Foundation's Agentic AI Foundation, has rapidly become the de facto standard for connecting large language model (LLM)-based agents to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Nirajan Acharya , Gaurav Kumar Gupta

This article, a lightly adapted version of Perplexity's response to NIST/CAISI Request for Information 2025-0035, details our observations and recommendations concerning the security of frontier AI agents. These insights are informed by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Ninghui Li , Kaiyuan Zhang , Kyle Polley , Jerry Ma

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance improvements and the ability to learn domain-specific languages (DSLs), including APIs and tool interfaces. This capability has enabled the creation of AI agents that can…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Charles Fleming , Luca Muscariello , Vijoy Pandey , Ramana Kompella

Large language model (LLM)-based agents that reason, plan, and act through tools, memory, and structured interaction are emerging as a promising paradigm for automating complex workflows. Recent systems such as OpenClaw and Claude Code…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Yingli Zhou , Wang Shu , Yaodong Su , Wenchuan Du , Yixiang Fang , Xuemin Lin

Tool calling has emerged as a critical capability for AI agents. In contrast to conventional tool calling frameworks that rely on static, provider-specific tool definitions, the Model Context Protocol (MCP) offers a unified interface to…

Recent advances in AI agents capable of solving complex, everyday tasks, from scheduling to customer service, have enabled deployment in real-world settings, but their possibilities for unsafe behavior demands rigorous evaluation. While…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Sanidhya Vijayvargiya , Aditya Bharat Soni , Xuhui Zhou , Zora Zhiruo Wang , Nouha Dziri , Graham Neubig , Maarten Sap

This chapter argues that the reliability of agentic and generative AI is chiefly an architectural property. We define agentic systems as goal-directed, tool-using decision makers operating in closed loops, and show how reliability emerges…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Sławomir Nowaczyk

As AI agents increasingly operate in complex environments, ensuring reliable, context-aware privacy is critical for regulatory compliance. Traditional access controls are insufficient because privacy risks often arise after access is…

As generative AI (GenAI) agents become more common in enterprise settings, they introduce security challenges that differ significantly from those posed by traditional systems. These agents are not just LLMs; they reason, remember, and act,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Vineeth Sai Narajala , Om Narayan

Chat-based natural language interfaces have emerged as the dominant paradigm for human-agent interaction, yet they fundamentally constrain engagement with structured information and complex tasks. We identify three inherent limitations: the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Mulong Xie , Yang Xie

In this paper based on agent and semantic web technologies we propose an approach .i.e., Semantic Oriented Agent Based Search (SOAS), to cope with currently existing challenges of Meta data extraction, modeling and information retrieval…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2010-08-10 Zeeshan Ahmed , Detlef Gerhard

AI agents are increasingly deployed to automate complex enterprise workflows, yet evidence of their effectiveness in identity governance is limited. We report results from the first randomized controlled trial (RCT) evaluating an AI agent…

General Economics · Economics 2025-11-19 James Bono , Beibei Cheng , Joaquin Lozano

Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents extend large language models from text generation to action execution in real-world digital environments. Unlike conversational systems, GUI agents perform irreversible operations such as submitting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Yucheng Shi , Wenhao Yu , Jingyuan Huang , Wenlin Yao , Wenhu Chen , Ninghao Liu

Autonomous AI agents now transact at production scale -- 69,000 bots executing 165 million transactions across 50 million USDC in cumulative volume on a single marketplace -- without any shared trust layer between participants. Regulatory…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Lars Kersten Kroehl

Getting a real cybersecurity risk assessment for a small organization is expensive -- a NIST CSF-aligned engagement runs $15,000 on the low end, takes weeks, and depends on practitioners who are genuinely scarce. Most small companies skip…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-26 Ravish Gupta , Saket Kumar , Shreeya Sharma , Maulik Dang , Abhishek Aggarwal

Balancing user agency and system automation is essential for effective human-AI interactions. Fully automated systems can deliver efficiency but risk undermining usability and user autonomy, while purely manual tools are often inefficient…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Thomas Langerak