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Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) perform strongly on natural images, yet their ability to understand discrete visual symbols remains unclear. We present a multi-domain benchmark spanning language, culture, mathematics, physics and…

Benchmark datasets play an important role in evaluating Natural Language Understanding (NLU) models. However, shortcuts -- unwanted biases in the benchmark datasets -- can damage the effectiveness of benchmark datasets in revealing models'…

For human cognitive process, spatial reasoning and perception are closely entangled, yet the nature of this interplay remains underexplored in the evaluation of multimodal large language models (MLLMs). While recent MLLM advancements show…

Despite recent successes, test-time scaling - i.e., dynamically expanding the token budget during inference as needed - remains brittle for vision-language models (VLMs): unstructured chains-of-thought about images entangle perception and…

Diagrams convey symbolic information in a visual format rather than a linear stream of words, making them especially challenging for AI models to process. While recent evaluations suggest that vision-language models (VLMs) perform well on…

When VLMs answer correctly, do they genuinely rely on visual information? We introduce a Tri-Layer Diagnostic Framework with three per-sample metrics: Latent Anomaly Detection, Visual Necessity Score, and Competition Score, which…

Humans possess the visual-spatial intelligence to remember spaces from sequential visual observations. However, can Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) trained on million-scale video datasets also ``think in space'' from videos? We…

Multimodal Diffusion Large Language Models (MDLLMs) achieve high-concurrency generation through parallel masked decoding, yet the architectures remain prone to multimodal hallucinations. This structural vulnerability stems from an…

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) strive to achieve a profound, human-like understanding of and interaction with the physical world, but often exhibit a shallow and incoherent integration when acquiring information (Perception) and…

While visual question-answering (VQA) benchmarks have catalyzed the development of reasoning techniques, they have focused on vertical thinking. Effective problem-solving also necessitates lateral thinking, which remains understudied in AI…

Vision-language models (VLMs) perform strongly on many multimodal benchmarks. However, the ability to follow complex visual paths -- a task that human observers typically find straightforward -- remains under-tested. We introduce…

The ability to process information from multiple modalities and to reason through it step-by-step remains a critical challenge in advancing artificial intelligence. However, existing reasoning benchmarks focus on text-only reasoning, or…

How do artificial neural networks bind concepts to form complex semantic structures? Here, we propose a simple neural code, whereby the existence and the type of relations between entities are represented by the distance and the direction…

Recent advances in multimodal large language models (MLLMs) highlight the need for benchmarks that rigorously evaluate structured chart comprehension. Chart grounding refers to the bidirectional alignment between a chart's visual appearance…

Spatio-physical reasoning, a foundation capability for understanding the real physics world, is a critical step towards building robust world models. While recent vision language models (VLMs) have shown remarkable progress in specialized…

Multimodal Small-to-Medium sized Language Models (MSLMs) have demonstrated strong capabilities in integrating visual and textual information but still face significant limitations in visual comprehension and mathematical reasoning,…

Large Language Models (LLMs) still struggle with multi-step logical reasoning. Existing approaches either purely refine the reasoning chain in natural language form or attach a symbolic solver as an external module. In this work, we instead…

Recent advances in Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have benefited from Reinforcement Learning (RL) for enhanced reasoning. However, existing methods still face critical limitations, including the lack of low-level visual information and…

The rapid progress of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has unlocked the potential for enhanced 3D scene understanding and spatial reasoning. A recent line of work explores learning spatial reasoning directly from multi-view images,…

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit a unified "general factor" of capability across 10 benchmarks, a finding confirmed by our factor analysis of 156 models, yet they still struggle with simple, trivial tasks for humans. This is because…