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Social and behavioral scientists increasingly aim to study how humans interact, collaborate, and make decisions alongside artificial intelligence. However, the experimental infrastructure for such work remains underdeveloped: (1) few…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Crystal Qian , Vivian Tsai , Michael Behr , Nada Hussein , Léo Laugier , Nithum Thain , Lucas Dixon

The rise of large language models (LLMs) has significantly transformed both the construction and application of information retrieval (IR) systems. However, current interactions between IR systems and LLMs remain limited, with LLMs merely…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Qiaoyu Tang , Jiawei Chen , Zhuoqun Li , Bowen Yu , Yaojie Lu , Cheng Fu , Haiyang Yu , Hongyu Lin , Fei Huang , Ben He , Xianpei Han , Le Sun , Yongbin Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become a popular interface for human-AI interaction, supporting information seeking and task assistance through natural, multi-turn dialogue. To respond to users within multi-turn dialogues, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Fengran Mo , Yifan Gao , Sha Li , Hansi Zeng , Xin Liu , Zhaoxuan Tan , Xian Li , Jianshu Chen , Dakuo Wang , Meng Jiang

Deep research has emerged as an important task that aims to address hard queries through extensive open-web exploration. To tackle it, most prior work equips large language model (LLM)-based agents with opaque web search APIs, enabling…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Chuan Meng , Litu Ou , Sean MacAvaney , Jeff Dalton

Existing retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems are primarily designed under the assumption that each query has a single correct answer. This overlooks common information-seeking scenarios with multiple plausible answers, where…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Tianyi Hu , Niket Tandon , Akhil Arora

Human-like large language models (LLMs), especially the most powerful and popular ones in OpenAI's GPT family, have proven to be very helpful for many natural language processing (NLP) related tasks. Therefore, various attempts have been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Ridong Han , Chaohao Yang , Tao Peng , Prayag Tiwari , Xiang Wan , Lu Liu , Benyou Wang

Human-like large language models (LLMs), especially the most powerful and popular ones in OpenAI's GPT family, have proven to be very helpful for many natural language processing (NLP) related tasks. Therefore, various attempts have been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-12 Ridong Han , Chaohao Yang , Tao Peng , Prayag Tiwari , Xiang Wan , Lu Liu , Benyou Wang

User simulators are increasingly central to interactive information retrieval, yet the community lacks standardized evaluation tools. Simulators serve two objectives, behavioral realism (matching real user behavior) and tester reliability…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Saber Zerhoudi

Language agents show potential in being capable of utilizing natural language for varied and intricate tasks in diverse environments, particularly when built upon large language models (LLMs). Current language agent frameworks aim to…

Information Retrieval (IR) evaluation involves far more complexity than merely presenting performance measures in a table. Researchers often need to compare multiple models across various dimensions, such as the Precision-Recall trade-off…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Georgios Peikos , Wojciech Kusa , Symeon Symeonidis

In real-world Information Retrieval (IR) experiments, the Evaluation Environment (EE) is exposed to constant change. Documents are added, removed, or updated, and the information need and the search behavior of users is evolving.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Jüri Keller , Timo Breuer , Philipp Schaer

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has driven the development of agentic systems capable of autonomously performing complex tasks. Despite their impressive capabilities, LLMs remain constrained by their internal knowledge…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Wenlin Zhang , Xiaopeng Li , Yingyi Zhang , Pengyue Jia , Yichao Wang , Huifeng Guo , Yong Liu , Xiangyu Zhao

Users increasingly expect modern search systems to offer a unified interface that seamlessly retrieves information from diverse data sources and formats. However, current information retrieval (IR) evaluation benchmarks have not kept pace…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Mehmet Deniz Türkmen , Suchana Datta , Dwaipayan Roy , Daniel Hienert , Philipp Mayr , Derek Greene

Building effective LLM agents increasingly requires selecting appropriate AI models as tools from large open repositories (e.g., HuggingFace with > 2M models) based on natural language requests. Unlike invoking a fixed set of API tools,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Shaoyin Ma , Chenggong Hu , Huiqiong Wang , Li Sun , Mingli Song , Jie Song

Search agents are language models (LMs) that reason and search knowledge bases (or the web) to answer questions; recent methods supervise only the final answer accuracy using reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR). Most RLVR…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 James Burgess , Jan N. Hansen , Duo Peng , Yuhui Zhang , Alejandro Lozano , Min Woo Sun , Emma Lundberg , Serena Yeung-Levy

Information retrieval (IR) plays a crucial role in locating relevant resources from vast amounts of data, and its applications have evolved from traditional knowledge bases to modern retrieval models (RMs). The emergence of large language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-13 Jiazhan Feng , Chongyang Tao , Xiubo Geng , Tao Shen , Can Xu , Guodong Long , Dongyan Zhao , Daxin Jiang

Recent advancements in LLM-based agents have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in handling complex, knowledge-intensive tasks by integrating external tools. Among diverse choices of tools, search tools play a pivotal role in accessing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Jiaxuan Gao , Wei Fu , Minyang Xie , Shusheng Xu , Chuyi He , Zhiyu Mei , Banghua Zhu , Yi Wu

Information retrieval systems increasingly incorporate generative components. For example, in a retrieval augmented generation (RAG) system, a retrieval component might provide a source of ground truth, while a generative component…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-04-11 Negar Arabzadeh , Charles L. A. Clarke

In this study, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 21 IIR researchers to investigate their data reuse practices. This study aims to expand upon current findings by exploring IIR researchers' information-obtaining behaviors…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Tianji Jiang , Wenqi Li , Jiqun Liu

While LLMs enable a range of AI applications, interacting with multiple models and customizing workflows can be challenging, and existing LLM interfaces offer limited support for collaborative extension or real-world evaluation. In this…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Jaeryang Baek , Ayana Hussain , Danny Liu , Nicholas Vincent , Lawrence H. Kim