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Reinforcement learning has empowered large language models to act as intelligent agents, yet training them for long-horizon tasks remains challenging due to the scarcity of high-quality trajectories, especially under limited resources.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Jinyang Wu , Shuo Yang , Changpeng Yang , Yuhao Shen , Shuai Zhang , Zhengqi Wen , Jianhua Tao

Reinforcement learning for large language models faces a fundamental trade-off between sample efficiency and asymptotic performance: strictly on-policy methods discard trajectories after a single update, while off-policy reuse introduces…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Changyu Chen , Xiting Wang , Rui Yan

The outpouring of various pre-trained models empowers knowledge distillation by providing abundant teacher resources, but there lacks a developed mechanism to utilize these teachers adequately. With a massive model repository composed of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-29 Su Lu , Han-Jia Ye , De-Chuan Zhan

Diffusion models have demonstrated strong potential for robotic trajectory planning. However, generating coherent trajectories from high-level instructions remains challenging, especially for long-range composition tasks requiring multiple…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-03-29 Zhixuan Liang , Yao Mu , Hengbo Ma , Masayoshi Tomizuka , Mingyu Ding , Ping Luo

Recent work has shown that augmenting environments with language descriptions improves policy learning. However, for environments with complex language abstractions, learning how to ground language to observations is difficult due to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-04 Victor Zhong , Jesse Mu , Luke Zettlemoyer , Edward Grefenstette , Tim Rocktäschel

Large reasoning models such as DeepSeek-R1 and their distilled variants achieve strong performance on complex reasoning tasks. Yet, distilling these models often demands large-scale data for supervised fine-tuning (SFT), motivating the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Lechen Zhang , Yunxiang Zhang , Wei Hu , Lu Wang

Large language models are moving scientific research from text assistance toward agentic workflows, yet biological research requires strong object validation, methodological suitability, reproducibility, and auditability. Prompt…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2026-05-25 Zhenyu Ma , Yuyang Song , Chunyi Yang , Jingyi Zhu , Limei Xu , Min Xiao , Xukai Jiang

On-policy distillation (OPD) is an increasingly important paradigm for post-training language models. However, we identify a pervasive Scaling Law of Miscalibration: while OPD effectively improves task accuracy, it systematically traps…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Jiaxin Zhang , Xiangyu Peng , Qinglin Chen , Qinyuan Ye , Caiming Xiong , Chien-Sheng Wu

We study how individual training examples shape the internal computation of looped transformers, where a shared block is applied for $\tau$ recurrent iterations to enable latent reasoning. Existing training-data influence estimators such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Georgios Kaissis , David Mildenberger , Juan Felipe Gomez , Martin J. Menten , Eleni Triantafillou

On-policy distillation (OPD) leverages dense teacher rewards to enhance reasoning models. However, scaling OPD to long-horizon tasks exposes a critical flaw: as the student's generated prefix inevitably diverges from the teacher's thought…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Zhicheng Yang , Zhijiang Guo , Yifan Song , Minrui Xu , Yongxin Wang , Yiwei Wang , Xiaodan Liang , Jing Tang

Off-policy ensemble reinforcement learning (RL) methods have demonstrated impressive results across a range of RL benchmark tasks. Recent works suggest that directly imitating experts' policies in a supervised manner before or during the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-04 Zhang-Wei Hong , Prabhat Nagarajan , Guilherme Maeda

Policy distillation in deep reinforcement learning provides an effective way to transfer control policies from a larger network to a smaller untrained network without a significant degradation in performance. However, policy distillation is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-01 Yuxiang Sun , Pooyan Fazli

To succeed in common digital tasks such as web navigation, agents must carry out a variety of specialized tasks such as searching for products or planning a travel route. To tackle these tasks, agents can bootstrap themselves by learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Zora Zhiruo Wang , Apurva Gandhi , Graham Neubig , Daniel Fried

Hierarchical Imitation Learning is a powerful paradigm for acquiring complex robot behaviors from demonstrations. A central challenge, however, lies in discovering reusable skills from long-horizon, multi-task offline data, especially when…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Chongyu Zhu , Mithun Vanniasinghe , Jiayu Chen , Chi-Guhn Lee

Despite their strong performances on many generative tasks, diffusion models require a large number of sampling steps in order to generate realistic samples. This has motivated the community to develop effective methods to distill…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Weijian Luo , Zemin Huang , Zhengyang Geng , J. Zico Kolter , Guo-jun Qi

Although diffusion models have achieved strong results in decision-making tasks, their slow inference speed remains a key limitation. While consistency models offer a potential solution, existing applications to decision-making either…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Xintong Duan , Yutong He , Fahim Tajwar , Ruslan Salakhutdinov , J. Zico Kolter , Jeff Schneider

Consistency distillation is a prevalent way for accelerating diffusion models adopted in consistency (trajectory) models, in which a student model is trained to traverse backward on the probability flow (PF) ordinary differential equation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Kaiwen Zheng , Guande He , Jianfei Chen , Fan Bao , Jun Zhu

Intelligent agents rely heavily on prior experience when learning a new task, yet most modern reinforcement learning (RL) approaches learn every task from scratch. One approach for leveraging prior knowledge is to transfer skills learned on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-23 Karl Pertsch , Youngwoon Lee , Joseph J. Lim

Although pre-trained Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models exhibit impressive generalization in robotic manipulation, post-training remains crucial to ensure reliable performance during deployment. However, standard offline Supervised…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Zhide Zhong , Haodong Yan , Junfeng Li , Junjie He , Tianran Zhang , Haoang Li

Increasing the annotation efficiency of trajectory annotations from videos has the potential to enable the next generation of data-hungry tracking algorithms to thrive on large-scale datasets. Despite the importance of this task, there are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Orcun Cetintas , Tim Meinhardt , Guillem Brasó , Laura Leal-Taixé