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Related papers: Navigating LLM Valley: From AdamW to Memory-Effici…

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With the rapid development of natural language processing technology, large-scale language models (LLM) have achieved remarkable results in a variety of tasks. However, how to effectively train these huge models and improve their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Jiajing Chen , Bingying Liu , Xiaoxuan Liao , Jia Gao , Hongye Zheng , Yue Li

The memory challenges associated with training Large Language Models (LLMs) have become a critical concern, particularly when using the Adam optimizer. To address this issue, numerous memory-efficient techniques have been proposed, with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Yiming Chen , Yuan Zhang , Yin Liu , Kun Yuan , Zaiwen Wen

Training large language models (LLMs) relies on adaptive optimizers such as Adam, which introduce extra operations and require significantly more memory to maintain first- and second-order moments than SGD. While recent works such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Athanasios Glentis , Jiaxiang Li , Andi Han , Mingyi Hong

While large language models (LLMs) have emerged as a significant advancement in artificial intelligence, the hardware and computational costs for training LLMs are also significantly burdensome. Among the state-of-the-art optimizers, AdamW…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Yufei Gu , Zeke Xie

AdamW has long been the dominant optimizer in language model pretraining, despite numerous claims that alternative optimizers offer 1.4 to 2x speedup. We posit that two methodological shortcomings have obscured fair comparisons and hindered…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Kaiyue Wen , David Hall , Tengyu Ma , Percy Liang

The recent development of Large Language Models (LLMs) has been accompanied by an effervescence of novel ideas and methods to better optimize the loss of deep learning models. Claims from those methods are myriad: from faster convergence to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Andrei Semenov , Matteo Pagliardini , Martin Jaggi

Large language models have achieved remarkable success, but their extensive parameter size necessitates substantial memory for training, thereby setting a high threshold. While the recently proposed low-memory optimization (LOMO) reduces…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Kai Lv , Hang Yan , Qipeng Guo , Haijun Lv , Xipeng Qiu

Reinforcement learning (RL), particularly RL from verifiable reward (RLVR), has become a crucial phase of training large language models (LLMs) and a key focus of current scaling efforts. However, optimization practices in RL largely follow…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Sagnik Mukherjee , Lifan Yuan , Pavan Jayasinha , Dilek Hakkani-Tür , Hao Peng

The internal structure and operation mechanism of large-scale language models are analyzed theoretically, especially how Transformer and its derivative architectures can restrict computing efficiency while capturing long-term dependencies.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Taiyuan Mei , Yun Zi , Xiaohan Cheng , Zijun Gao , Qi Wang , Haowei Yang

Large Language Models (LLMs) possess substantial reasoning capabilities and are increasingly applied to optimization tasks, particularly in synergy with evolutionary computation. However, while recent surveys have explored specific aspects…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Yisong Zhang , Ran Cheng , Guoxing Yi , Kay Chen Tan

Optimization algorithms and large language models (LLMs) enhance decision-making in dynamic environments by integrating artificial intelligence with traditional techniques. LLMs, with extensive domain knowledge, facilitate intelligent…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-17 Sen Huang , Kaixiang Yang , Sheng Qi , Rui Wang

Optimization models developed by operations research (OR) experts are often deployed as decision-support systems in industrial settings. However, real-world environments are dynamic, with evolving business rules and unforeseen…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Tinghan Ye , Arnaud Deza , Ved Mohan , El Mehdi Er Raqabi , Pascal Van Hentenryck

Training and fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) come with challenges related to memory and computational requirements due to the increasing size of the model weights and the optimizer states. Various techniques have been developed to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Yehonathan Refael , Jonathan Svirsky , Boris Shustin , Wasim Huleihel , Ofir Lindenbaum

Large Language Models (LLMs) have delivered impressive results in language understanding, generation, reasoning, and pushes the ability boundary of multimodal models. Transformer models, as the foundation of modern LLMs, offer a strong…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Weigao Sun , Jiaxi Hu , Yucheng Zhou , Jusen Du , Disen Lan , Kexin Wang , Tong Zhu , Xiaoye Qu , Yu Zhang , Xiaoyu Mo , Daizong Liu , Yuxuan Liang , Wenliang Chen , Guoqi Li , Yu Cheng

Training large language models (LLMs) typically relies on adaptive optimizers like Adam (Kingma & Ba, 2015) which store additional state information to accelerate convergence but incur significant memory overhead. Recent efforts, such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Meyer Scetbon , Chao Ma , Wenbo Gong , Edward Meeds

Training language models becomes increasingly expensive with scale, prompting numerous attempts to improve optimization efficiency. Despite these efforts, the Adam optimizer remains the most widely used, due to a prevailing view that it is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Rosie Zhao , Depen Morwani , David Brandfonbrener , Nikhil Vyas , Sham Kakade

Automatic performance tuning (auto-tuning) is essential for optimizing high-performance applications, where vast and irregular search spaces make manual exploration infeasible. While auto-tuners traditionally rely on classical approaches…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Floris-Jan Willemsen , Niki van Stein , Ben van Werkhoven

Optimization algorithms are widely employed to tackle complex problems, but designing them manually is often labor-intensive and requires significant expertise. Global placement is a fundamental step in electronic design automation (EDA).…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-28 Xufeng Yao , Jiaxi Jiang , Yuxuan Zhao , Peiyu Liao , Yibo Lin , Bei Yu

The impressive performance of large language models (LLMs) arises from their massive scale and heterogeneous module composition. However, this structural heterogeneity introduces additional optimization challenges. While adaptive optimizers…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Ziqing Wen , Zhouyang Liu , Jiahuan Wang , Ping Luo , Li Shen , Dongsheng Li , Tao Sun

This report examines the fine-tuning of Large Language Models (LLMs), integrating theoretical insights with practical applications. It outlines the historical evolution of LLMs from traditional Natural Language Processing (NLP) models to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Venkatesh Balavadhani Parthasarathy , Ahtsham Zafar , Aafaq Khan , Arsalan Shahid
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