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Multi-objective learning under user-specified preference is common in real-world problems such as multi-lingual speech recognition under fairness. In this work, we frame such a problem as a semivectorial bilevel optimization problem, whose…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-04-07 Lisha Chen , Quan Xiao , Ellen Hidemi Fukuda , Xinyi Chen , Kun Yuan , Tianyi Chen

We present in this paper novel accelerated fully first-order methods in \emph{Bilevel Optimization} (BLO). Firstly, for BLO under the assumption that the lower-level functions admit the typical strong convexity assumption, the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-07-10 Chris Junchi Li

(Stochastic) bilevel optimization is a frequently encountered problem in machine learning with a wide range of applications such as meta-learning, hyper-parameter optimization, and reinforcement learning. Most of the existing studies on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-16 Meng Ding , Mingxi Lei , Yunwen Lei , Di Wang , Jinhui Xu

Gradient-based Bi-Level Optimization (BLO) methods have been widely applied to handle modern learning tasks. However, most existing strategies are theoretically designed based on restrictive assumptions (e.g., convexity of the lower-level…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Risheng Liu , Xuan Liu , Shangzhi Zeng , Jin Zhang , Yixuan Zhang

In this paper, we focus on the nonconvex-nonconvex bilevel optimization problem (BLO), where both upper-level and lower-level objectives are nonconvex, with the upper-level problem potentially being nonsmooth. We develop a two-timescale…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-04-24 Nachuan Xiao , Xiaoyin Hu , Xin Liu , Kim-Chuan Toh

Multi-task learning (MTL) considers learning a joint model for multiple tasks by optimizing a convex combination of all task losses. To solve the optimization problem, existing methods use an adaptive weight updating scheme, where task…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-22 Yifei He , Shiji Zhou , Guojun Zhang , Hyokun Yun , Yi Xu , Belinda Zeng , Trishul Chilimbi , Han Zhao

The goal of Continual Learning (CL) is to continuously learn from new data streams and accomplish the corresponding tasks. Previously studied CL assumes that data are given in sequence nose-to-tail for different tasks, thus indeed belonging…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-03 Fan Lyu , Wei Feng , Yuepan Li , Qing Sun , Fanhua Shang , Liang Wan , Liang Wang

Multi-task learning (MTL), which aims to improve performance by learning multiple tasks simultaneously, inherently presents an optimization challenge due to multiple objectives. Hence, multi-objective optimization (MOO) approaches have been…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-10-08 Simyung Chang , KiYoon Yoo , Jiho Jang , Nojun Kwak

Bilevel optimization is an important class of optimization problems where one optimization problem is nested within another. While various methods have emerged to address unconstrained general bilevel optimization problems, there has been a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-03-15 Nazanin Abolfazli , Ruichen Jiang , Aryan Mokhtari , Erfan Yazdandoost Hamedani

This paper investigates simple bilevel optimization problems where we minimize an upper-level objective over the optimal solution set of a convex lower-level objective. Existing methods for such problems either only guarantee asymptotic…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-11-05 Pengyu Chen , Xu Shi , Rujun Jiang , Jiulin Wang

Optimizing the performance of many objectives (instantiated by tasks or clients) jointly with a few Pareto stationary solutions (models) is critical in machine learning. However, previous multi-objective optimization methods often focus on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-08 Ziyue Li , Tian Li , Virginia Smith , Jeff Bilmes , Tianyi Zhou

Continual learning aims to learn multiple tasks sequentially. A key challenge in continual learning is balancing between two objectives: retaining knowledge from old tasks (stability) and adapting to new tasks (plasticity). Experience…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Song Lai , Zhe Zhao , Fei Zhu , Xi Lin , Qingfu Zhang , Gaofeng Meng

Bilevel optimization has been developed for many machine learning tasks with large-scale and high-dimensional data. This paper considers a constrained bilevel optimization problem, where the lower-level optimization problem is convex with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Siyuan Xu , Minghui Zhu

Machine learning problems with multiple objective functions appear either in learning with multiple criteria where learning has to make a trade-off between multiple performance metrics such as fairness, safety and accuracy; or, in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-20 Heshan Fernando , Han Shen , Miao Liu , Subhajit Chaudhury , Keerthiram Murugesan , Tianyi Chen

Bilevel optimization has emerged as a technique for addressing a wide range of machine learning problems that involve an outer objective implicitly determined by the minimizer of an inner problem. While prior works have primarily focused on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Fares El Khoury , Edouard Pauwels , Samuel Vaiter , Michael Arbel

Bilevel optimization methods are increasingly relevant within machine learning, especially for tasks such as hyperparameter optimization and meta-learning. Compared to the offline setting, online bilevel optimization (OBO) offers a more…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-09-17 Jason Bohne , David Rosenberg , Gary Kazantsev , Pawel Polak

In recent years, Bi-Level Optimization (BLO) techniques have received extensive attentions from both learning and vision communities. A variety of BLO models in complex and practical tasks are of non-convex follower structure in nature…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-29 Risheng Liu , Yaohua Liu , Shangzhi Zeng , Jin Zhang

Contextual Stochastic Bilevel Optimization (CSBO) extends standard stochastic bilevel optimization (SBO) by incorporating context-dependent lower-level problems. CSBO problems are generally intractable since existing methods require solving…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-10-07 Maxime Bouscary , Jiawei Zhang , Saurabh Amin

Recently, Supervised Contrastive Learning (SCL) has been shown to achieve excellent performance in most classification tasks. In SCL, a neural network is trained to optimize two objectives: pull an anchor and positive samples together in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-29 Youness Moukafih , Mounir Ghogho , Kamel Smaili

Bilevel optimization reveals the inner structure of otherwise oblique optimization problems, such as hyperparameter tuning, neural architecture search, and meta-learning. A common goal in bilevel optimization is to minimize a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-04-29 Lesi Chen , Jing Xu , Jingzhao Zhang