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Large models recently are widely applied in artificial intelligence, so efficient training of large models has received widespread attention. More recently, a useful Muon optimizer is specifically designed for matrix-structured parameters…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Feihu Huang , Yuning Luo , Songcan Chen

The Muon optimizer has recently demonstrated remarkable empirical success in training large language models. However, the theoretical understanding of its mechanisms remains limited. Current convergence guarantees for Muon rely heavily on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Yixuan Yang , Yuqing He , Song Li

The recently introduced optimizer, Muon, has gained increasing attention due to its superior performance across a wide range of applications. However, its effectiveness in federated learning remains unexplored. To address this gap, this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Xinwen Zhang , Hongchang Gao

The Muon optimizer has demonstrated remarkable empirical success in handling matrix-structured parameters for training neural networks. However, a significant gap remains between its practical performance and theoretical understanding.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Da Chang , Yongxiang Liu , Ganzhao Yuan

Recent optimizers like Muon, Scion, and Gluon have pushed the frontier of large-scale deep learning by exploiting layer-wise linear minimization oracles (LMOs) over non-Euclidean norm balls, capturing neural network structure in ways…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Kaja Gruntkowska , Alexander Gaponov , Zhirayr Tovmasyan , Peter Richtárik

Matrix-structured parameters frequently appear in many artificial intelligence models such as large language models. More recently, an efficient Muon optimizer is designed for matrix parameters of large-scale models, and shows markedly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Feihu Huang , Yuning Luo , Songcan Chen

For a long period of time, Adam has served as the ubiquitous default choice for training deep neural networks. Recently, many new optimizers have been introduced, out of which Muon has perhaps gained the highest popularity due to its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Sara Dragutinović , Rajesh Ranganath

Recent empirical research has demonstrated that deep learning optimizers based on the linear minimization oracle (LMO) over specifically chosen Non-Euclidean norm balls, such as Muon and Scion, outperform Adam-type methods in the training…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-12-19 Xun Qian , Hussein Rammal , Dmitry Kovalev , Peter Richtárik

Recently, a new optimization method based on the linear minimization oracle (LMO), called Muon, has been attracting increasing attention since it can train neural networks faster than existing adaptive optimization methods, such as Adam. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Yuki Takezawa , Anastasia Koloskova , Xiaowen Jiang , Sebastian U. Stich

Muon is a recently proposed optimizer that enforces orthogonality in parameter updates by projecting gradients onto the Stiefel manifold, leading to stable and efficient training in large-scale deep neural networks. Meanwhile, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Hideaki Iiduka

Muon, a recently proposed optimizer that leverages the inherent matrix structure of neural network parameters, has demonstrated strong empirical performance, indicating its potential as a successor to standard optimizers such as AdamW. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Naoki Sato , Hiroki Naganuma , Hideaki Iiduka

Muon updates weight matrices along (approximate) polar factors of the gradients and has shown strong empirical performance in large-scale training. Existing attempts at explaining its performance largely focus on single-step comparisons (on…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-13 Antoine Gonon , Andreea-Alexandra Muşat , Nicolas Boumal

Muon has emerged as a strong competitor to AdamW for language model pre-training, yet its behavior at scale is sensitive to weight decay. Recent work has observed that, for Muon without decoupled weight decay, the spectral norm of weight…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Kai Lion , Florian Hübler , Bingcong Li , Antonio Orvieto , Niao He

The Muon optimizer is consistently faster than Adam in training Large Language Models (LLMs), yet the mechanism underlying its success remains unclear. This paper demystifies this mechanism through the lens of associative memory. By…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Shuche Wang , Fengzhuo Zhang , Jiaxiang Li , Cunxiao Du , Chao Du , Tianyu Pang , Zhuoran Yang , Mingyi Hong , Vincent Y. F. Tan

We consider the problems of \emph{learning} and \emph{testing} real-valued convex functions over Gaussian space. Despite the extensive study of function convexity across mathematics, statistics, and computer science, its learnability and…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Renato Ferreira Pinto , Cassandra Marcussen , Elchanan Mossel , Shivam Nadimpalli

In this paper some adaptive mirror descent algorithms for problems of minimization convex objective functional with several convex Lipschitz (generally, non-smooth) functional constraints are considered. It is shown that the methods are…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-12-20 F. S. Stonyakin , M . S. Alkousa , A. A. Titov

Muon has emerged as an efficient alternative to Adam for pretraining, yet remains underused for fine-tuning. A key obstacle is that most open models are pretrained with Adam, and naively switching to Muon for fine-tuning leads to degraded…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Xingyu Qu , Peigeng Huang , Samuel Horvath

The subgradient method is one of the most fundamental algorithmic schemes for nonsmooth optimization. The existing complexity and convergence results for this method are mainly derived for Lipschitz continuous objective functions. In this…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-11-01 Xiao Li , Lei Zhao , Daoli Zhu , Anthony Man-Cho So

Shuffling-type gradient methods are favored in practice for their simplicity and rapid empirical performance. Despite extensive development of convergence guarantees under various assumptions in recent years, most require the Lipschitz…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Qi He , Peiran Yu , Ziyi Chen , Heng Huang

The rapid scaling of large language models (LLMs) has made low-precision training essential for reducing memory, improving efficiency, and enabling larger models and datasets. Existing convergence theories for adaptive optimizers, however,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Xuan Tang , Jichu Li , Difan Zou
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