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Autoencoders are a widespread tool in machine learning to transform high-dimensional data into a lowerdimensional representation which still exhibits the essential characteristics of the input. The encoder provides an embedding from the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-28 Juliane Braunsmann , Marko Rajković , Martin Rumpf , Benedikt Wirth

An autoencoder is a neural network which data projects to and from a lower dimensional latent space, where this data is easier to understand and model. The autoencoder consists of two sub-networks, the encoder and the decoder, which carry…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-04-03 Saïd Ladjal , Alasdair Newson , Chi-Hieu Pham

Current 3D-aware pretraining methods for embodied perception and manipulation are largely built on differentiable rendering frameworks, producing either fully implicit neural fields or fully explicit geometric primitives. Implicit…

The manifold hypothesis states that high-dimensional data can be modeled as lying on or near a low-dimensional, nonlinear manifold. Variational Autoencoders (VAEs) approximate this manifold by learning mappings from low-dimensional latent…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-03-03 Marissa C. Connor , Gregory H. Canal , Christopher J. Rozell

Visualization is a crucial step in exploratory data analysis. One possible approach is to train an autoencoder with low-dimensional latent space. Large network depth and width can help unfolding the data. However, such expressive networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-03 Philipp Nazari , Sebastian Damrich , Fred A. Hamprecht

Learning compact and meaningful latent space representations has been shown to be very useful in generative modeling tasks for visual data. One particular example is applying Vector Quantization (VQ) in variational autoencoders (VQ-VAEs,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Xin Li , Anand Sarwate

This study explores how bilingual language models develop complex internal representations. We employ sparse autoencoders to analyze internal representations of bilingual language models with a focus on the effects of training steps,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Tatsuro Inaba , Go Kamoda , Kentaro Inui , Masaru Isonuma , Yusuke Miyao , Yohei Oseki , Benjamin Heinzerling , Yu Takagi

We provide a series of results for unsupervised learning with autoencoders. Specifically, we study shallow two-layer autoencoder architectures with shared weights. We focus on three generative models for data that are common in statistical…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-02-18 Thanh V. Nguyen , Raymond K. W. Wong , Chinmay Hegde

Neural networks transform high-dimensional data into compact, structured representations, often modeled as elements of a lower dimensional latent space. In this paper, we present an alternative interpretation of neural models as dynamical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Marco Fumero , Luca Moschella , Emanuele Rodolà , Francesco Locatello

Neural models learn representations of high-dimensional data on low-dimensional manifolds. Multiple factors, including stochasticities in the training process, model architectures, and additional inductive biases, may induce different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Hanlin Yu , Berfin Inal , Georgios Arvanitidis , Soren Hauberg , Francesco Locatello , Marco Fumero

We present a novel framework for learning cost-efficient latent representations in problems with high-dimensional state spaces through nonlinear dimension reduction. By enriching linear state approximations with low-order polynomial terms…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-05-27 Rudy Geelen , Laura Balzano , Karen Willcox

Variational Autoencoders are one of the most commonly used generative models, particularly for image data. A prominent difficulty in training VAEs is data that is supported on a lower-dimensional manifold. Recent work by Dai and Wipf (2020)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-19 Frederic Koehler , Viraj Mehta , Chenghui Zhou , Andrej Risteski

We extend the framework of variational autoencoders to represent transformations explicitly in the latent space. In the family of hierarchical graphical models that emerges, the latent space is populated by higher order objects that are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-24 Giorgio Giannone , Saeed Saremi , Jonathan Masci , Christian Osendorfer

Sparse autoencoders (SAEs) have been used widely to decompose and interpret neural network activations, especially those of transformer language models. One key issue with SAEs is their inability to directly model multidimensional features.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Collin Francel

The autoencoder is an effective unsupervised learning model which is widely used in deep learning. It is well known that an autoencoder with a single fully-connected hidden layer, a linear activation function and a squared error cost…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-01-01 Elad Plaut

We consider the task of unsupervised extraction of meaningful latent representations of speech by applying autoencoding neural networks to speech waveforms. The goal is to learn a representation able to capture high level semantic content…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-12 Jan Chorowski , Ron J. Weiss , Samy Bengio , Aäron van den Oord

Autoencoders are neural network formulations where the input and output of the network are identical and the goal is to identify the hidden representation in the provided datasets. Generally, autoencoders project the data nonlinearly onto a…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-07-10 Debjani Bhowick , Deepak K. Gupta , Saumen Maiti , Uma Shankar

One of the roadblocks to a better understanding of neural networks' internals is \textit{polysemanticity}, where neurons appear to activate in multiple, semantically distinct contexts. Polysemanticity prevents us from identifying concise,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Hoagy Cunningham , Aidan Ewart , Logan Riggs , Robert Huben , Lee Sharkey

This paper proposes a novel deep subspace clustering approach which uses convolutional autoencoders to transform input images into new representations lying on a union of linear subspaces. The first contribution of our work is to insert…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-01-24 Mohsen Kheirandishfard , Fariba Zohrizadeh , Farhad Kamangar

Learning compressed representations of multivariate time series (MTS) facilitates data analysis in the presence of noise and redundant information, and for a large number of variates and time steps. However, classical dimensionality…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-07-17 Filippo Maria Bianchi , Lorenzo Livi , Karl Øyvind Mikalsen , Michael Kampffmeyer , Robert Jenssen