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Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) has proven to be an effective tool for post-training language models (LMs). However, AI systems are increasingly expressed as modular programs that mix together multiple LM calls with distinct…

Knowledge Distillation (KD) compresses computationally expensive pre-trained language models (PLMs) by transferring their knowledge to smaller models, allowing their use in resource-constrained or real-time settings. However, most smaller…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Hayeon Lee , Rui Hou , Jongpil Kim , Davis Liang , Hongbo Zhang , Sung Ju Hwang , Alexander Min

The Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO), a reinforcement learning method used to fine-tune large language models (LLMs), has proved its effectiveness in practical applications such as DeepSeek-R1. It raises a question whether GRPO can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Yanchen Xu , Ziheng Jiao , Hongyuan Zhang , Xuelong Li

Group-relative policy optimization methods train language models by generating multiple rollouts per prompt and normalizing rewards with a shared mean reward baseline. In resource-constrained settings where the rollout budget is small,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Youngeun Kim

This paper introduces Completion Pruning Policy Optimization (CPPO) to accelerate the training of reasoning models based on Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO). GRPO, while effective, incurs high training costs due to the need to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Zhihang Lin , Mingbao Lin , Yuan Xie , Rongrong Ji

Policy optimization for large language models often suffers from sparse reward signals in multi-step reasoning tasks. Critic-free methods like GRPO assign a single normalized outcome reward to all tokens, providing limited guidance for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Ruiyi Ding , Yongxuan Lv , Xianhui Meng , Jiahe Song , Chao Wang , Chen Jiang , Yuan Cheng

Reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a promising paradigm for inducing explicit reasoning behaviors in large language and vision-language models. However, reasoning-oriented RL post-training remains fundamentally challenging due to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Fan Yang , Rui Meng , Trudi Di Qi , Ali Ezzati , Yuxin Wen

Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO), which is widely adopted by R1-like reasoning models, has advanced mathematical reasoning. Nevertheless, GRPO faces challenges in reward sparsity, verbosity, and inadequate focus on problem…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Jixiao Zhang , Chunsheng Zuo

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR), primarily driven by the Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) algorithm, is a leading approach for enhancing the reasoning abilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). Despite its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Kangqi Ni , Zhen Tan , Zijie Liu , Pingzhi Li , Tianlong Chen

Post-training LLMs with Reinforcement Learning, specifically Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO), has emerged as a paradigm for enhancing mathematical reasoning. However, standard GRPO relies on scalar correctness rewards that are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Xiwen Chen , Wenhui Zhu , Peijie Qiu , Xuanzhao Dong , Hao Wang , Haiyu Wu , Huayu Li , Aristeidis Sotiras , Yalin Wang , Abolfazl Razi

Reinforcement learning has been widely applied to enhance the reasoning capabilities of large language models. Extending the inference limits of smaller models has become a prominent research focus. However, algorithms such as Group…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Hao Wu , Wei Liu

Reinforcement learning (RL) is vital for optimizing large language models (LLMs). Recent Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) estimates advantages using multiple on-policy outputs per prompt, leading to high computational costs and low…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Siheng Li , Zhanhui Zhou , Wai Lam , Chao Yang , Chaochao Lu

Group-Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) has emerged as the standard for training reasoning capabilities in large language models through reinforcement learning. By estimating advantages using group-mean rewards rather than a learned…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Anisha Garg , Claire Zhang , Nishit Neema , David Bick , Ganesh Venkatesh , Joel Hestness

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has emerged as a promising approach to improve the reasoning abilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). Among RLVR algorithms, Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) and its variants…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Zhaokang Liao , Yingguo Gao , Yi Yang , Yongheng Hu , Jingting Ding

The Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) algorithm has demonstrated considerable success in enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs), as evidenced by DeepSeek-R1. However, the absence of intermediate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Fei Ding , Baiqiao Wang , Zijian Zeng , Youwei Wang

Group-Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) is a key technique for training large reasoning models, yet it suffers from a critical vulnerability: the \emph{Think-Answer Mismatch}, where noisy reward signals corrupt the learning process. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Si Shen , Peijun Shen , Wenhua Zhao , Danhao Zhu

Large-scale alignment pipelines typically pair a policy model with a separately trained reward model whose parameters remain frozen during reinforcement learning (RL). This separation creates a complex, resource-intensive pipeline and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Songshuo Lu , Hua Wang , Zhi Chen , Yaohua Tang

Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO), recently introduced by DeepSeek, is a critic-free reinforcement learning algorithm for fine-tuning large language models. GRPO replaces the value function in Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Lei Pang , Jun Luo , Ruinan Jin

Self-supervised learning solves pretext prediction tasks that do not require annotations to learn feature representations. For vision tasks, pretext tasks such as predicting rotation, solving jigsaw are solely created from the input data.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-07-01 Prashant Bhat , Elahe Arani , Bahram Zonooz

Recent advancements in Large Reasoning Models (LRMs), exemplified by DeepSeek-R1, have underscored the potential of scaling inference-time compute through Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO). However, GRPO frequently suffers from…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Yu Zhao , Fan Jiang , Tianle Liu , Bo Zeng , Yu Liu , Longyue Wang , Weihua Luo