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Recently, Mixture-of-Experts (short as MoE) architecture has achieved remarkable success in increasing the model capacity of large-scale language models. However, MoE requires incorporating significantly more parameters than the base model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Ze-Feng Gao , Peiyu Liu , Wayne Xin Zhao , Zhong-Yi Lu , Ji-Rong Wen

Large language models (LLM) have been attracting much attention from the community recently, due to their remarkable performance in all kinds of downstream tasks. According to the well-known scaling law, scaling up a dense LLM enhances its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Zhenpeng Su , Xing Wu , Zijia Lin , Yizhe Xiong , Minxuan Lv , Guangyuan Ma , Hui Chen , Songlin Hu , Guiguang Ding

Federated fine-tuning offers a promising solution for adapting Large Language Models (LLMs) to downstream tasks while safeguarding data privacy. However, its high computational and communication demands hinder its deployment on…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Yebo Wu , Jingguang Li , Zhijiang Guo , Li Li

We present a text-reconstruction attack on mixture-of-experts (MoE) language models that recovers tokens from expert selections alone. In MoE models, each token is routed to a subset of expert subnetworks; we show these routing decisions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Amir Nuriyev , Gabriel Kulp

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has become a dominant architecture for scaling Large Language Models (LLMs) efficiently by decoupling total parameters from computational cost. However, this decoupling creates a critical challenge: predicting the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Changxin Tian , Kunlong Chen , Jia Liu , Ziqi Liu , Zhiqiang Zhang , Jun Zhou

Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) with Mixture of Experts (MoE) layers have gained significant attention. Currently, state-of-the-art LLMs utilize this architecture. There is a substantial amount of research on how to train such models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Andrei Chernov

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) Large Language Models (LLMs) efficiently scale-up the model while keeping relatively low inference cost. As MoE models only activate part of the experts, related work has proposed expert prediction and caching…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Shien Zhu , Samuel Bohl , Robin Oester , Gustavo Alonso

We present a toolkit for creating low-cost Mixture-of-Domain-Experts (MOE) from trained models. The toolkit can be used for creating a mixture from models or from adapters. We perform extensive tests and offer guidance on defining the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-12 Rhui Dih Lee , Laura Wynter , Raghu Kiran Ganti

With the emergence of Mixture-of-Experts (MoE), the efficient scaling of model size has accelerated the development of large language models in recent years. However, their high memory requirements prevent their use in resource-constrained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Gyeongman Kim , Gyouk Chu , Eunho Yang

Mixture-of-experts (MoE) models facilitate efficient scaling; however, training the router network introduces the challenge of optimizing a non-differentiable, discrete objective. Recently, a fully-differentiable MoE architecture, SMEAR,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Zexuan Zhong , Mengzhou Xia , Danqi Chen , Mike Lewis

The Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture has demonstrated significant advantages in the era of Large Language Models (LLMs), offering enhanced capabilities with reduced inference costs. However, deploying MoE-based LLMs on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Peng Tang , Jiacheng Liu , Xiaofeng Hou , Yifei Pu , Jing Wang , Pheng-Ann Heng , Chao Li , Minyi Guo

In this work, we propose a method that combines two popular research areas by injecting linguistic structures into pre-trained language models in the parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) setting. In our approach, parallel adapter modules…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Raymond Li , Gabriel Murray , Giuseppe Carenini

Finding experts is essential in Community Question Answering (CQA) platforms as it enables the effective routing of questions to potential users who can provide relevant answers. The key is to personalized learning expert representations…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Qiyao Peng , Hongyan Xu , Yinghui Wang , Hongtao Liu , Cuiying Huo , Wenjun Wang

The scaling of large language models (LLMs) has revolutionized their capabilities in various tasks, yet this growth must be matched with efficient computational strategies. The Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture stands out for its…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Zihan Qiu , Zeyu Huang , Shuang Cheng , Yizhi Zhou , Zili Wang , Ivan Titov , Jie Fu

Most interpretability work focuses on layer- or neuron-level mechanisms in Transformers, leaving expert-level behavior in MoE LLMs underexplored. Motivated by functional specialization in the human brain, we analyze expert activation by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Guimin Hu , Meng Li , Qiwei Peng , Lijie Hu , Boyan Xu , Ruichu Cai

Mixture of Experts (MoE) models have enabled the scaling of Large Language Models (LLMs) and Vision Language Models (VLMs) by achieving massive parameter counts while maintaining computational efficiency. However, MoEs introduce several…

Mixture of experts (MoE) is a popular technique to improve capacity of Large Language Models (LLMs) with conditionally-activated parallel experts. However, serving MoE models on memory-constrained devices is challenging due to the large…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Rui Kong , Yuanchun Li , Qingtian Feng , Weijun Wang , Xiaozhou Ye , Ye Ouyang , Linghe Kong , Yunxin Liu

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) significantly improved the ability of Large Language Models (LLMs) to solve knowledge-intensive tasks. While existing research seeks to enhance RAG performance by retrieving higher-quality documents or…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Xin Zhou , Ping Nie , Yiwen Guo , Haojie Wei , Zhanqiu Zhang , Pasquale Minervini , Ruotian Ma , Tao Gui , Qi Zhang , Xuanjing Huang

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures enable efficient model scaling, yet expert routing behavior across underrepresented languages remains poorly understood. We analyze routing dynamics in two architecturally distinct MoE models -- a pure…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Ori Bar Joseph , Smadar Arvatz , Noam Kayzer , Dan Revital , Sarel Weinberger

Open-source Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly specialize by domain (e.g., math, code, general reasoning), motivating systems that leverage complementary strengths across models. Prior multi-LLM approaches either (i) route a query to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Jacob Fein-Ashley , Dhruv Parikh , Rajgopal Kannan , Viktor Prasanna
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