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Autonomous parking demands precise low-speed maneuvering within narrow, cluttered, and highly constrained environments, where vehicles must navigate tight spaces while avoiding static obstacles and complex geometric boundaries. Unlike…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Zhengcheng Yu , Changze Li , Haoran Liu , Tong Qin

Autonomous parking is a crucial task in the intelligent driving field. Traditional parking algorithms are usually implemented using rule-based schemes. However, these methods are less effective in complex parking scenarios due to the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Changze Li , Ziheng Ji , Zhe Chen , Tong Qin , Ming Yang

Existing end-to-end autonomous driving (AD) algorithms typically follow the Imitation Learning (IL) paradigm, which faces challenges such as causal confusion and an open-loop gap. In this work, we propose RAD, a 3DGS-based closed-loop…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Hao Gao , Shaoyu Chen , Bo Jiang , Bencheng Liao , Yiang Shi , Xiaoyang Guo , Yuechuan Pu , Haoran Yin , Xiangyu Li , Xinbang Zhang , Ying Zhang , Wenyu Liu , Qian Zhang , Xinggang Wang

When autonomous vehicles are deployed on public roads, they will encounter countless and diverse driving situations. Many manually designed driving policies are difficult to scale to the real world. Fortunately, reinforcement learning has…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Letian Wang , Jie Liu , Hao Shao , Wenshuo Wang , Ruobing Chen , Yu Liu , Steven L. Waslander

Imitation learning for end-to-end driving trains policies only on expert demonstrations. Once deployed in a closed loop, such policies lack recovery data: small mistakes cannot be corrected and quickly compound into failures. A promising…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Lan Feng , Yang Gao , Eloi Zablocki , Quanyi Li , Wuyang Li , Sichao Liu , Matthieu Cord , Alexandre Alahi

End-to-end autonomous driving policies based on Imitation Learning (IL) often struggle in closed-loop execution due to the misalignment between inadequate open-loop training objectives and real driving requirements. While Reinforcement…

End-to-end models for autonomous driving hold the promise of learning complex behaviors directly from sensor data, but face critical challenges in safety and handling long-tail events. Reinforcement Learning (RL) offers a promising path to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Tianyi Yan , Tao Tang , Xingtai Gui , Yongkang Li , Jiasen Zhesng , Weiyao Huang , Lingdong Kong , Wencheng Han , Xia Zhou , Xueyang Zhang , Yifei Zhan , Kun Zhan , Cheng-zhong Xu , Jianbing Shen

Autonomous parking is a critical component for achieving safe and efficient urban autonomous driving. However, unstructured environments and dynamic interactions pose significant challenges to autonomous parking tasks. To address this…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Zewei Yang , Zengqi Peng , Jun Ma

Autonomous parking is a key technology in modern autonomous driving systems, requiring high precision, strong adaptability, and efficiency in complex environments. This paper proposes a Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) framework based on…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Zheyu Zhang , Yutong Luo , Yongzhou Chen , Haopeng Zhao , Zhichao Ma , Hao Liu

An intelligent driving system should dynamically formulate appropriate driving strategies based on the current environment and vehicle status while ensuring system security and reliability. However, methods based on reinforcement learning…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Zuojin Tang , Xiaoyu Chen , Yongqiang Li , Jianyu Chen

End-to-end autonomous driving has emerged as a promising paradigm for directly mapping sensor inputs to planning maneuvers using learning-based modular integrations. However, existing imitation learning (IL)-based models suffer from…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Haochen Liu , Tianyu Li , Haohan Yang , Li Chen , Caojun Wang , Ke Guo , Haochen Tian , Hongchen Li , Hongyang Li , Chen Lv

Reliable autonomous driving relies on large-scale, well-labeled data and robust models. However, manual data collection is resource-intensive, and traditional simulation suffers from a persistent reality gap. While recent generative…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Kaicong Huang , Talha Azfar , Weisong Shi , Ruimin Ke

Ramp merging is a critical maneuver for road safety and traffic efficiency. Most of the current automated driving systems developed by multiple automobile manufacturers and suppliers are typically limited to restricted access freeways only.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-03-28 Pin Wang , Ching-Yao Chan

Autonomous parking (AP) represents a critical yet complex subset of intelligent vehicle automation, characterized by tight spatial constraints, frequent close-range obstacle interactions, and stringent safety margins. However, conventional…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Ahmad Suleman , Misha Urooj Khan , Zeeshan Kaleem , Ali H. Alenezi , Iqra Shabbir , Sinem Coleri , Chau Yuen

Autonomous parking has become a critical application in automatic driving research and development. Parking operations often suffer from limited space and complex environments, requiring accurate perception and precise maneuvering.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Zhitao Wang , Zhe Chen , Mingyang Jiang , Tong Qin , Ming Yang

Autonomous driving is complex, requiring sophisticated 3D scene understanding, localization, mapping, and control. Rather than explicitly modelling and fusing each of these components, we instead consider an end-to-end approach via…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-27 John So , Amber Xie , Sunggoo Jung , Jeffrey Edlund , Rohan Thakker , Ali Agha-mohammadi , Pieter Abbeel , Stephen James

As the industry of autonomous driving grows, so does the potential interaction of groups of autonomous cars. Combined with the advancement of Artificial Intelligence and simulation, such groups can be simulated, and safety-critical models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-22 Omar Tanner

End-to-end (E2E) autonomous driving aims to directly map sensory observations to driving actions, but its real-world deployment is hindered by evolving data distributions and the high cost of continual annotation. While combining imitation…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Ziang Guo , Chen Min , Xuefeng Zhang , Yixiao Zhou , Shuo Wang , Sifa Zheng , Dzmitry Tsetserukou , Zufeng Zhang

In this paper, we address the issue of increasing the performance of reinforcement learning (RL) solutions for autonomous racing cars when navigating under conditions where practical vehicle modelling errors (commonly known as \emph{model…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Andrew Murdoch , Johannes Cornelius Schoeman , Hendrik Willem Jordaan

Traversing through a tilted narrow gap is previously an intractable task for reinforcement learning mainly due to two challenges. First, searching feasible trajectories is not trivial because the goal behind the gap is difficult to reach.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-08-31 Chenxi Xiao , Peng Lu , Qizhi He
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