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Process reward models (PRMs) are a cornerstone of test-time scaling (TTS), designed to verify and select the best responses from large language models (LLMs). However, this promise is challenged by recent benchmarks where simple majority…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Peng Kuang , Yanli Wang , Xiaoyu Han , Yaowenqi Liu , Kaidi Xu , Haohan Wang

This work investigates the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) in generating ABAP code. Despite successful applications of generative AI in many programming languages, there are hardly any systematic analyses of ABAP code generation…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Stephan Wallraven , Tim Köhne , Hartmut Westenberger , Andreas Moser

Large Language models (LLMs) have shown promise as generators of symbolic control policies, producing interpretable program-like representations through iterative search. However, these models are not capable of separating the functional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Carlo Bosio , Matteo Guarrera , Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli , Mark W. Mueller

Large language models (LLMs) can generate code from natural language, but the extent to which they capture intended program behavior remains unclear. Executable behavioral specifications, defined via preconditions and postconditions,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Zaoyu Chen , Jianbo Dai , Boyu Zhu , Jingdong Wang , Huiming Wang , Xin Xu , Haoyang Yuan , Zhijiang Guo , Xiao-Ming Wu

Large language models (LLMs) can generate executable code from natural language descriptions, but the resulting programs frequently contain bugs due to hallucinations. In the absence of formal specifications, existing approaches attempt to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Yihan Dai , Sijie Liang , Haotian Xu , Peichu Xie , Sergey Mechtaev

With the rapid progress of multi-agent large language model (LLM) reasoning, how to effectively aggregate answers from multiple LLMs has emerged as a fundamental challenge. Standard majority voting treats all answers equally, failing to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Rui Ai , Yuqi Pan , David Simchi-Levi , Milind Tambe , Haifeng Xu

Choosing a Large Language Model (LLM) for a given task requires comparing many strong candidates, yet standard evaluation relies on costly annotations over fixed evaluation sets. To address this challenge, we develop SELECT-LLM, the first…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yavuz Durmazkeser , Patrik Okanovic , Andreas Kirsch , Torsten Hoefler , Nezihe Merve Gürel

Search-based test generators are effective at producing unit tests with high coverage. However, such automatically generated tests have no meaningful test and variable names, making them hard to understand and interpret by developers. On…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Matteo Biagiola , Gianluca Ghislotti , Paolo Tonella

The use of large language models (LLMs) for automated code generation has emerged as a significant focus within AI research. As these pretrained models continue to evolve, their ability to understand and generate complex code structures has…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Nazmus Ashrafi , Salah Bouktif , Mohammed Mediani

Prompt engineering is a new paradigm for enhancing the performance of trained neural network models. For optimizing text-style prompts, existing methods usually individually operate small portions of a text step by step, which either breaks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Yujian Betterest Li , Kai Wu

Despite huge advances, LLMs still lack convenient and reliable methods to quantify the uncertainty in their responses, making them difficult to trust in high-stakes applications. One of the simplest approaches to eliciting more accurate…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Aparna Nair-Kanneganti , Trevor J. Chan , Shir Goldfinger , Emily Mackay , Brian Anthony , Alison Pouch

Majority voting is the standard for aggregating multi-agent responses into a final decision. However, traditional methods typically require all agents to complete their reasoning before aggregation begins, leading to significant…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Yiqing Liu , Hantao Yao , Wu Liu , Yongdong Zhang

Typical deep clustering methods, while achieving notable progress, can only provide one clustering result per dataset. This limitation arises from their assumption of a fixed underlying data distribution, which may fail to meet user needs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Xinyue Wang , Yuheng Jia , Hui Liu , Junhui Hou

The LLMSR@XLLM25 formulates a low-resource structural reasoning task that challenges LLMs to generate interpretable, step-by-step rationales with minimal labeled data. We present Less is More, the third-place winning approach in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Jiahao Yuan , Xingzhe Sun , Xing Yu , Jingwen Wang , Dehui Du , Zhiqing Cui , Zixiang Di

Large language models (LLMs) have shown increasing competence in solving mathematical reasoning problems. However, many open-source LLMs still struggle with errors in calculation and semantic understanding during intermediate reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Vernon Y. H. Toh , Deepanway Ghosal , Soujanya Poria

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in code generation. However, existing benchmarks mainly formalize the task as a static, single-turn problem, overlooking the stepwise requirement changes and iterative workflows…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Zexun Zhan , Shuzheng Gao , Ruida Hu , Cuiyun Gao

Synthetic survey data generated by large language models (LLMs) suffers from a fundamental circularity: the same model family that generates text responses also maps them to numerical scales. We calibrate and validate Semantic Similarity…

Physics and Society · Physics 2026-02-24 Eduardo Vera Pichardo

Recent years have seen the remarkable capabilities of large language models (LLMs) for code generation. Different from existing work that evaluate the correctness of the code generated by LLMs, we propose to further evaluate its efficiency.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-10 Changan Niu , Ting Zhang , Chuanyi Li , Bin Luo , Vincent Ng

As reasoning LLMs increasingly trade tokens for accuracy through deliberation, search, and self-correction, a single accuracy score can no longer tell whether those tokens buy useful reasoning, recovery from hard instances, or unnecessary…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Daniel Kaiser , Arnoldo Frigessi , Ali Ramezani-Kebrya , Benjamin Ricaud

Despite significant advancements in large language models (LLMs) that enhance robot agents' understanding and execution of natural language (NL) commands, ensuring the agents adhere to user-specified constraints remains challenging,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Yi Wu , Zikang Xiong , Yiran Hu , Shreyash S. Iyengar , Nan Jiang , Aniket Bera , Lin Tan , Suresh Jagannathan