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This research aims to unravel how large language models (LLMs) iteratively refine token predictions through internal processing. We utilized a logit lens technique to analyze the model's token predictions derived from intermediate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Jaturong Kongmanee

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in aligning visual inputs with natural language outputs. Yet, the extent to which generated tokens depend on visual modalities remains poorly understood,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Ruoyu Chen , Xiaoqing Guo , Kangwei Liu , Siyuan Liang , Shiming Liu , Qunli Zhang , Laiyuan Wang , Hua Zhang , Xiaochun Cao

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated inherent calibration capabilities, where predicted probabilities align well with correctness, despite prior findings that deep neural networks are often overconfident. Recent studies have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Abhinav Joshi , Areeb Ahmad , Ashutosh Modi

Large Vision Language Models (LVLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in understanding and describing visual content, achieving state-of-the-art performance across various vision-language tasks. However, these models often generate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Kazi Hasan Ibn Arif , Sajib Acharjee Dip , Khizar Hussain , Lang Zhang , Chris Thomas

Most work treats large language models as black boxes without in-depth understanding of their internal working mechanism. In order to explain the internal representations of LLMs, we propose a gradient-based metric to assess the activation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Yudong Wang , Damai Dai , Zhifang Sui

LayerNorm is a critical component in modern large language models (LLMs) for stabilizing training and ensuring smooth optimization. However, it introduces significant challenges in mechanistic interpretability, outlier feature suppression,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Nandan Kumar Jha , Brandon Reagen

Feedforward network (FFN) layers account for a large fraction of parameters and nonlinear expressivity in Transformer-based large language models (LLMs). Despite the evolution from ReLU and GELU to gated variants such as SwiGLU, most FFN…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Mingze Wang , Jinbo Wang , Yikuan Xia , Kai Shen , Shu Zhong

Large language models (LLMs) trained with canonical tokenization exhibit surprising robustness to non-canonical inputs such as character-level tokenization, yet the mechanisms underlying this robustness remain unclear. We study this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Zhipeng Yang , Shu Yang , Lijie Hu , Di Wang

In Large Language Model (LLM) inference, early-exit refers to stopping computation at an intermediate layer once the prediction is sufficiently confident, thereby reducing latency and cost. However, recent LLMs adopt improved pretraining…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Rui Wei , Rui Du , Hanfei Yu , Devesh Tiwari , Jian Li , Zhaozhuo Xu , Hao Wang

Large language model (LLM) unlearning has become a critical mechanism for removing undesired data, knowledge, or behaviors from pre-trained models while retaining their general utility. Yet, with the rise of open-weight LLMs, we ask: can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Bingqi Shang , Yiwei Chen , Yihua Zhang , Bingquan Shen , Sijia Liu

Despite the increasing use of large language models (LLMs) for context-grounded tasks like summarization and question-answering, understanding what makes an LLM produce a certain response is challenging. We propose Multi-Level Explanations…

Despite the rapid evolution of training paradigms, the decoder backbone of large vision--language models (LVLMs) remains fundamentally rooted in the residual-connection Transformer architecture. Therefore, deciphering the distinct roles of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Gongli Xi , Ye Tian , Mengyu Yang , Huahui Yi , Liang Lin , Xiaoshuai Hao , Kun Wang , Wendong Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong reasoning capabilities across various tasks. However, even minor variations in query phrasing, despite preserving the underlying semantic meaning, can significantly affect their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Yihang Yao , Zhepeng Cen , Miao Li , William Han , Yuyou Zhang , Emerson Liu , Zuxin Liu , Chuang Gan , Ding Zhao

Large Language Models (LLMs) achieve remarkable performance through pretraining on extensive data. This enables efficient adaptation to diverse downstream tasks. However, the lack of interpretability in their underlying mechanisms limits…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Xintong Wang , Jingheng Pan , Liang Ding , Longyue Wang , Longqin Jiang , Xingshan Li , Chris Biemann

While large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong capability in structured prediction tasks such as semantic parsing, few amounts of research have explored the underlying mechanisms of their success. Our work studies different…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-01 Daking Rai , Yilun Zhou , Bailin Wang , Ziyu Yao

To improve the reasoning and question-answering capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs), several multi-agent approaches have been introduced. While these methods enhance performance, the application of collective intelligence-based…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-10 Ciaran Regan , Alexandre Gournail , Mizuki Oka

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong performance on a variety of natural language processing (NLP) tasks. However, they often struggle with long-text sequences due to the ``lost in the middle'' phenomenon. This issue has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Zewen Qiang , Sendong Zhao , Haochun Wang , Bing Qin , Ting Liu

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate proficiency across numerous computational tasks, yet their inner workings remain unclear. In theory, the combination of causal self-attention and multilayer perceptron layers allows every token to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Siddarth Mamidanna , Daking Rai , Ziyu Yao , Yilun Zhou

The increasing prevalence of Large Language Models (LMs) in critical applications highlights the need for controlled language generation strategies that are not only computationally efficient but that also enjoy performance guarantees. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Emily Cheng , Carmen Amo Alonso

Flocking is a behavior where multiple agents in a system attempt to stay close to each other while avoiding collision and maintaining a desired formation. This is observed in the natural world and has applications in robotics, including…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Peihan Li , Vishnu Menon , Bhavanaraj Gudiguntla , Daniel Ting , Lifeng Zhou