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Understanding the latent space geometry of large language models (LLMs) is key to interpreting their behavior and improving alignment. Yet it remains unclear to what extent LLMs linearly organize representations related to semantic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Baturay Saglam , Paul Kassianik , Blaine Nelson , Sajana Weerawardhena , Yaron Singer , Amin Karbasi

Despite rapid adoption and deployment of large language models (LLMs), the internal computations of these models remain opaque and poorly understood. In this work, we seek to understand how high-level human-interpretable features are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Wes Gurnee , Neel Nanda , Matthew Pauly , Katherine Harvey , Dmitrii Troitskii , Dimitris Bertsimas

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities across diverse languages. This study explores how LLMs handle multilingualism. Based on observed language ratio shifts among layers and the relationships between network…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Yiran Zhao , Wenxuan Zhang , Guizhen Chen , Kenji Kawaguchi , Lidong Bing

Large Language Models (LLMs) typically generate outputs token by token using a fixed compute budget, leading to inefficient resource utilization. To address this shortcoming, recent advancements in mixture of expert (MoE) models,…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in various reasoning and generation tasks. However, their proficiency in complex causal reasoning, discovery, and estimation remains an area of active development, often…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Adib Bazgir , Amir Habibdoust , Yuwen Zhang , Xing Song

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at generating coherent text within a single prompt but fall short in sustaining relevance, personalization, and continuity across extended interactions. Human communication, however, relies on multiple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Stefano Zeppieri

Large Language Models (LLMs) often struggle with complex multi-step planning tasks, showing high rates of constraint violations and inconsistent solutions. Existing strategies such as Chain-of-Thought and ReAct rely on implicit state…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Annu Rana , Gaurav Kumar

Large language models have achieved remarkable success in general language understanding tasks. However, as a family of generative methods with the objective of next token prediction, the semantic evolution with the depth of these models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Zhu Liu , Cunliang Kong , Ying Liu , Maosong Sun

Despite the prevalence of the attention sink phenomenon in Large Language Models (LLMs), where initial tokens disproportionately monopolize attention scores, its structural origins remain elusive. This work provides a \textit{mechanistic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Siquan Li , Kaiqi Jiang , Jiacheng Sun , Tianyang Hu

Large language models (LLMs) have transformed human writing by enhancing grammar correction, content expansion, and stylistic refinement. However, their widespread use raises concerns about authorship, originality, and ethics, even…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Zhen Tao , Zhiyu Li , Runyu Chen , Dinghao Xi , Wei Xu

Large language models (LLMs) are introducing a paradigm shift in molecular discovery by enabling text-guided interaction with chemical spaces through natural language, symbolic notations, with emerging extensions to incorporate multi-modal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Ziqing Wang , Kexin Zhang , Zihan Zhao , Yibo Wen , Abhishek Pandey , Han Liu , Kaize Ding

Large transformer models are known to produce high-norm tokens. In vision transformers (ViTs), such tokens have been mathematically modeled through the singular vectors of the linear approximations of layers. However, in large language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Haoqi Wang , Tong Zhang , Mathieu Salzmann

Model ensemble is a useful approach in reinforcement learning (RL) for training effective agents. Despite wide success of RL, training effective agents remains difficult due to the multitude of factors requiring careful tuning, such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Yiwen Song , Qianyue Hao , Qingmin Liao , Jian Yuan , Yong Li

Mixture-of-experts (MoE) is gaining increasing attention due to its unique properties and remarkable performance, especially for language tasks. By sparsely activating a subset of parameters for each token, MoE architecture could increase…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Ka Man Lo , Zeyu Huang , Zihan Qiu , Zili Wang , Jie Fu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are known for their expensive and time-consuming training. Thus, oftentimes, LLMs are fine-tuned to address a specific task, given the pretrained weights of a pre-trained LLM considered a foundation model. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Eshed Gal , Moshe Eliasof , Javier Turek , Uri Ascher , Eran Treister , Eldad Haber

Emergence, the phenomenon of a rapid performance increase once the model scale reaches a threshold, has achieved widespread attention recently. The literature has observed that monosemantic neurons in neural networks gradually diminish as…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Jiachuan Wang , Shimin Di , Tianhao Tang , Haoyang LI , Charles Wang-wai Ng , Xiaofang Zhou , Lei Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) are pivotal in advancing natural language processing but often struggle with complex reasoning tasks due to inefficient attention distributions. In this paper, we explore the effect of increased computed tokens…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Bingli Liao , Danilo Vasconcellos Vargas

While the Self-Attention mechanism in the Transformer model has proven to be effective in many domains, we observe that it is less effective in more diverse settings (e.g. multimodality) due to the varying granularity of each token and the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Wayner Barrios , SouYoung Jin

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance, particularly in multilingual contexts. While recent studies suggest that LLMs can transfer skills learned in one language to others, the internal mechanisms behind this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Hongchuan Zeng , Senyu Han , Lu Chen , Kai Yu

This paper systematically investigates the generation of code explanations by Large Language Models (LLMs) for code examples commonly encountered in introductory programming courses. Our findings reveal significant variations in the nature…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-11-13 Priti Oli , Rabin Banjade , Jeevan Chapagain , Vasile Rus