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Pre-trained language models (PLMs) have driven substantial progress in natural language processing but remain vulnerable to adversarial attacks, raising concerns about their robustness in real-world applications. Previous studies have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Yang Wang , Chenghao Xiao , Yizhi Li , Stuart E. Middleton , Noura Al Moubayed , Chenghua Lin

A small but growing body of work has shown that machine learning models which better align with human vision have also exhibited higher robustness to adversarial examples, raising the question: can human-like perception make models more…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Blaine Hoak , Kunyang Li , Patrick McDaniel

Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly employ alignment techniques to prevent harmful outputs. Despite these safeguards, attackers can circumvent them by crafting adversarial prompts. Predominant token-level optimization methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Jiawei Lian , Jianhong Pan , Lefan Wang , Yi Wang , Tairan Huang , Shaohui Mei , Lap-Pui Chau

Adversarial examples provide an opportunity as well as impose a challenge for understanding image classification systems. Based on the analysis of the adversarial training solution Adversarial Logits Pairing (ALP), we observed in this work…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-04-19 Shangxi Wu , Jitao Sang , Kaiyuan Xu , Guanhua Zheng , Changsheng Xu

Recent efforts within the AI community have yielded impressive results towards "soft theorem proving" over natural language sentences using language models. We propose a novel, generative adversarial framework for probing and improving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-03 Alexander Gaskell , Yishu Miao , Lucia Specia , Francesca Toni

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved tremendous success in various applications, they are also susceptible to jailbreaking attacks. Several primary defense strategies have been proposed to protect LLMs from producing harmful…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Yichuan Mo , Yuji Wang , Zeming Wei , Yisen Wang

Despite advances in AI alignment, large language models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to adversarial attacks or jailbreaking, in which adversaries can modify prompts to induce unwanted behavior. While some defenses have been proposed, they have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Andy Zhou , Bo Li , Haohan Wang

Although safely enhanced Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success in tackling various complex tasks in a zero-shot manner, they remain susceptible to jailbreak attacks, particularly the unknown jailbreak attack. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Fan Liu , Zhao Xu , Hao Liu

Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) are prolonged, stealthy intrusions by skilled adversaries that compromise high-value systems to steal data or disrupt operations. Reconstructing complete attack chains from massive, heterogeneous logs is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Rujie Dai , Peizhuo Lv , Yujiang Gui , Qiujian Lv , Yuanyuan Qiao , Yan Wang , Degang Sun , Weiqing Huang , Yingjiu Li , XiaoFeng Wang

Model-based reinforcement learning has attracted much attention due to its high sample efficiency and is expected to be applied to real-world robotic applications. In the real world, as unobservable disturbances can lead to unexpected…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Taisuke Kobayashi

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have recently achieved great success in many tasks, which encourages DNNs to be widely used as a machine learning service in model sharing scenarios. However, attackers can easily generate adversarial examples…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-17 Xiaowei Zhou , Ivor W. Tsang , Jie Yin

Large-scale language models achieved state-of-the-art performance over a number of language tasks. However, they fail on adversarial language examples, which are sentences optimized to fool the language models but with similar semantic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Noah Thomas McDermott , Junfeng Yang , Chengzhi Mao

The use of large language models (LLMs) in peer review systems has attracted growing attention, making it essential to examine their potential vulnerabilities. Prior attacks rely on prompt injection, which alters manuscript content and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Masahiro Kaneko

Large language models exhibit systematic vulnerabilities to adversarial attacks despite extensive safety alignment. We provide a mechanistic analysis revealing that position-dependent gradient weakening during autoregressive training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Thong Bach , Dung Nguyen , Thao Minh Le , Truyen Tran

Autonomous agents in safety-critical applications must continuously adapt to dynamic conditions without compromising performance and reliability. This work introduces TAPA (Training-free Adaptation of Programmatic Agents), a novel framework…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Jinwei Hu , Yi Dong , Youcheng Sun , Xiaowei Huang

Aligning language models to human expectations, e.g., being helpful and harmless, has become a pressing challenge for large language models. A typical alignment procedure consists of supervised fine-tuning and preference learning. Most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Tianchi Cai , Xierui Song , Jiyan Jiang , Fei Teng , Jinjie Gu , Guannan Zhang

Large Language Model (LLM)-powered agents demonstrate strong capabilities in autonomous task execution, tool use, and multi-step reasoning. However, their increasing autonomy also introduces a new attack surface: adversarial interactions…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Sheldon Yu , Yingcheng Sun , Hanqing Guo , Julian McAuley , Qianqian Tong

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit strong but shallow alignment: they directly refuse harmful queries when a refusal is expected at the very start of an assistant turn, yet this protection collapses once a harmful continuation is underway…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Jiawei Zhang , Andrew Estornell , David D. Baek , Bo Li , Xiaojun Xu

Deep learning models continue to advance in accuracy, yet they remain vulnerable to adversarial attacks, which often lead to the misclassification of adversarial examples. Adversarial training is used to mitigate this problem by increasing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Leo Hyun Park , Jaeuk Kim , Myung Gyo Oh , Jaewoo Park , Taekyoung Kwon

Misaligned research objectives have considerably hindered progress in adversarial robustness research over the past decade. For instance, an extensive focus on optimizing target metrics, while neglecting rigorous standardized evaluation,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Leo Schwinn , Yan Scholten , Tom Wollschläger , Sophie Xhonneux , Stephen Casper , Stephan Günnemann , Gauthier Gidel