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Denoising diffusion models are a class of generative models which have recently achieved state-of-the-art results across many domains. Gradual noise is added to the data using a diffusion process, which transforms the data distribution into…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-06-28 Francisco Vargas , Teodora Reu , Anna Kerekes , Michael M Bronstein

Sampling from an unknown distribution, accessible only through discrete samples, is a fundamental problem at the core of generative AI. The current state-of-the-art methods follow a two-step process: first, estimating the score function…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Samuel Hurault , Matthieu Terris , Thomas Moreau , Gabriel Peyré

Diffusion models generate data by learning to reverse a forward process, where samples are progressively perturbed with Gaussian noise according to a predefined noise schedule. From a geometric perspective, each noise schedule corresponds…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-21 Teng Zhang , Hongxu Jiang , Kuang Gong , Wei Shao

Diffusion models have become a standard approach for generative modeling in continuous domains, yet their application to discrete data remains challenging. We investigate why Gaussian diffusion models with the DDPM solver struggle to sample…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Alexander Shabalin , Simon Elistratov , Viacheslav Meshchaninov , Ildus Sadrtdinov , Dmitry Vetrov

Typical generative diffusion models rely on a Gaussian diffusion process for training the backward transformations, which can then be used to generate samples from Gaussian noise. However, real world data often takes place in discrete-state…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-19 Javier E Santos , Zachary R. Fox , Nicholas Lubbers , Yen Ting Lin

Discrete diffusion models have gained increasing attention for their ability to model complex distributions with tractable sampling and inference. However, the error analysis for discrete diffusion models remains less well-understood. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Yinuo Ren , Haoxuan Chen , Grant M. Rotskoff , Lexing Ying

In this article we recover the distribution function (and possible density) of an arbitrary random variable that is subject to an additive measurement error. This problem is also known as deconvolution and has a long tradition in…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-10-07 Henrik Kaiser

Diffusion models can generate a variety of high-quality images by modeling complex data distributions. Trained diffusion models can also be very effective image priors for solving inverse problems. Most of the existing diffusion-based…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-01 Nebiyou Yismaw , Ulugbek S. Kamilov , M. Salman Asif

Denoising diffusion models (DDMs) offer a flexible framework for sampling from high dimensional data distributions. DDMs generate a path of probability distributions interpolating between a reference Gaussian distribution and a data…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-12-12 Christopher Williams , Andrew Campbell , Arnaud Doucet , Saifuddin Syed

This paper develops an in-depth treatment concerning the problem of approximating the Gaussian smoothing and Gaussian derivative computations in scale-space theory for application on discrete data. With close connections to previous…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Tony Lindeberg

Do contemporary diffusion models preserve the class geometry of hyperspherical data? Standard diffusion models rely on isotropic Gaussian noise in the forward process, inherently favoring Euclidean spaces. However, many real-world problems…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Muskan Dosi , Chiranjeev Chiranjeev , Kartik Thakral , Mayank Vatsa , Richa Singh

This paper studies the original discrete-time denoising diffusion probabilistic model (DDPM) from a probabilistic point of view. We present three main theoretical results. First, we show that the time-dependent score function associated…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-01-13 Yumiharu Nakano

Diffusion models perform remarkably well on high-dimensional data such as images, often using only a modest number of reverse-time steps. Despite this practical success, existing convergence theory does not fully explain why such samplers…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Ahmad Aghapour , Erhan Bayraktar

Image restoration aims to recover high-quality images from degraded observations. When the degradation process is known, the recovery problem can be formulated as an inverse problem, and in a Bayesian context, the goal is to sample a clean…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-13 Darshan Thaker , Abhishek Goyal , René Vidal

Diffusion-based generative models employ stochastic differential equations (SDEs) and their equivalent probability flow ordinary differential equations (ODEs) to establish a smooth transformation between complex high-dimensional data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Defang Chen , Zhenyu Zhou , Can Wang , Siwei Lyu

Diffusion models have had a profound impact on many application areas, including those where data are intrinsically infinite-dimensional, such as images or time series. The standard approach is first to discretize and then to apply…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-09 Jakiw Pidstrigach , Youssef Marzouk , Sebastian Reich , Sven Wang

Score-based diffusion models have demonstrated remarkable empirical success in learning high-dimensional distributions, particularly those exhibiting low-dimensional and multi-modal structures. However, theoretical understanding of their…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-29 Jingda Wu , Changxiao Cai

We study two numerical approximations of solutions of nonlocal diffusion evolution problems which are inspired in algorithms for computing the bilateral denoising filtering of an image, and which are based on functional rearrangements and…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-01-26 Gonzalo Galiano

We study nonparametric estimation of the diffusion coefficient from discrete data, when the observations are blurred by additional noise. Such issues have been developed over the last 10 years in several application fields and in particular…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2011-12-30 Marc Hoffmann , Axel Munk , Johannes Schmidt-Hieber

In this work we tackle the problem of estimating the density $f_X$ of a random variable $X$ by successive smoothing, such that the smoothed random variable $Y$ fulfills $(\partial_t - \Delta_1)f_Y(\,\cdot\,, t) = 0$, $f_Y(\,\cdot\,, 0) =…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Martin Zach , Thomas Pock , Erich Kobler , Antonin Chambolle