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While multi-agent interactions can be naturally modeled as a graph, the environment has traditionally been considered as a black box. We propose to create a shared agent-entity graph, where agents and environmental entities form vertices,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-05 Akshat Agarwal , Sumit Kumar , Katia Sycara

An unaddressed challenge in multi-agent coordination is to enable AI agents to exploit the semantic relationships between the features of actions and the features of observations. Humans take advantage of these relationships in highly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Mingwei Ma , Jizhou Liu , Samuel Sokota , Max Kleiman-Weiner , Jakob Foerster

Cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning faces significant challenges in effectively organizing agent relationships and facilitating information exchange, particularly when agents need to adapt their coordination patterns dynamically.…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Chiqiang Liu , Dazi Li

We present a framework combining hierarchical and multi-agent deep reinforcement learning approaches to solve coordination problems among a multitude of agents using a semi-decentralized model. The framework extends the multi-agent learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-12-25 Saurabh Kumar , Pararth Shah , Dilek Hakkani-Tur , Larry Heck

In collaborative tasks, autonomous agents fall short of humans in their capability to quickly adapt to new and unfamiliar teammates. We posit that a limiting factor for zero-shot coordination is the lack of shared task abstractions, a…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-05-08 Stéphane Aroca-Ouellette , Miguel Aroca-Ouellette , Katharina von der Wense , Alessandro Roncone

Cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has made substantial strides in addressing the distributed decision-making challenges. However, as multi-agent systems grow in complexity, gaining a comprehensive understanding of their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-15 Wiem Khlifi , Siddarth Singh , Omayma Mahjoub , Ruan de Kock , Abidine Vall , Rihab Gorsane , Arnu Pretorius

Deep reinforcement learning has been applied successfully to solve various real-world problems and the number of its applications in the multi-agent settings has been increasing. Multi-agent learning distinctly poses significant challenges…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-24 Ngoc Duy Nguyen , Thanh Thi Nguyen , Doug Creighton , Saeid Nahavandi

A central problem in the theory of multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) is to understand what structural conditions and algorithmic principles lead to sample-efficient learning guarantees, and how these considerations change as we move…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-02 Dylan J. Foster , Dean P. Foster , Noah Golowich , Alexander Rakhlin

We consider the problem of robust multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) for cooperative communication and coordination tasks. MARL agents, mainly those trained in a centralized way, can be brittle because they can adopt policies that…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2020-12-16 T. van der Heiden , C. Salge , E. Gavves , H. van Hoof

Effective coordination and cooperation among agents are crucial for accomplishing individual or shared objectives in multi-agent systems. In many real-world multi-agent systems, agents possess varying abilities and constraints, making it…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Yasin Findik , Paul Robinette , Kshitij Jerath , S. Reza Ahmadzadeh

Single-agent reinforcement learning algorithms in a multi-agent environment are inadequate for fostering cooperation. If intelligent agents are to interact and work together to solve complex problems, methods that counter non-cooperative…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-09 Ted Fujimoto , Arthur Paul Pedersen

This study highlights the potential of image-based reinforcement learning methods for addressing swarm-related tasks. In multi-agent reinforcement learning, effective policy learning depends on how agents sense, interpret, and process…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Yigal Koifman , Eran Iceland , Erez Koifman , Ariel Barel , Alfred M. Bruckstein

Command line interface (CLI) agents are emerging as a practical paradigm for agent-computer interaction over evolving filesystems, executable command line programs, and online execution feedback. Recent work has used reinforcement learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Haoyang Su , Ying Wen

Learning to coordinate many agents in partially observable and highly dynamic environments requires both informative representations and data-efficient training. To address this challenge, we present a novel model-based multi-agent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Zhizun Wang , David Meger

This paper presents a framework for multi-agent navigation in structured but dynamic environments, integrating three key components: a shared semantic map encoding metric and semantic environmental knowledge, a claim policy for coordinating…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Koen de Vos , Elena Torta , Herman Bruyninckx , Cesar Lopez Martinez , Rene van de Molengraft

Cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has achieved significant results, most notably by leveraging the representation-learning abilities of deep neural networks. However, large centralized approaches quickly become…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-12-05 Nikunj Gupta , G Srinivasaraghavan , Swarup Kumar Mohalik , Nishant Kumar , Matthew E. Taylor

We introduce CRAFT, a multi-agent benchmark for evaluating pragmatic communication in large language models under strict partial information. In this setting, multiple agents with complementary but incomplete views must coordinate through…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Abhijnan Nath , Hannah VanderHoeven , Nikhil Krishnaswamy

Existing results on cooperative control of multi-agent systems with unknown control directions require that the underlying topology is either fixed with a strongly connected graph or switching between different strongly connected graphs.…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-05-09 Qingling Wang , Haris E. Psillakis , Changyin Sun

Building a single generalist agent with strong zero-shot capability has recently sparked significant advancements. However, extending this capability to multi-agent decision making scenarios presents challenges. Most current works struggle…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-26 Jie Liu , Yinmin Zhang , Chuming Li , Chao Yang , Yaodong Yang , Yu Liu , Wanli Ouyang

LLM-based agents are increasingly deployed for expert decision support, yet human-AI teams in high-stakes settings do not yet reliably outperform the best individual. We argue this complementarity gap reflects a fundamental mismatch:…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Raunak Jain