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Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has emerged as a paradigm for grounding large language models in external knowledge, yet most existing RAG systems assume centralized knowledge access and ample computation. These assumptions break down…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Tianhao Gao , Kai Yang , Yiyang Li

Long-term memory is one of the key factors influencing the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Model Agents (LLM Agents). Incorporating a memory mechanism that effectively integrates past interactions can significantly enhance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Haoran Sun , Shaoning Zeng

Open-domain dialogue systems have seen remarkable advancements with the development of large language models (LLMs). Nonetheless, most existing dialogue systems predominantly focus on brief single-session interactions, neglecting the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Hao Li , Chenghao Yang , An Zhang , Yang Deng , Xiang Wang , Tat-Seng Chua

We present DMCD (DataMap Causal Discovery), a two-phase causal discovery framework that integrates LLM-based semantic drafting from variable metadata with statistical validation on observational data. In Phase I, a large language model…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Samarth KaPatel , Sofia Nikiforova , Giacinto Paolo Saggese , Paul Smith

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown strong abilities in general language tasks, yet adapting them to specific domains remains a challenge. Current method like Domain Adaptive Pretraining (DAPT) requires costly full-parameter training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Jiaqi Cao , Jiarui Wang , Rubin Wei , Qipeng Guo , Kai Chen , Bowen Zhou , Zhouhan Lin

External memory systems are pivotal for enabling Large Language Model (LLM) agents to maintain persistent knowledge and perform long-horizon decision-making. Existing paradigms typically follow a two-stage process: computationally expensive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Xiucheng Xu , Bingbing Xu , Xueyun Tian , Zihe Huang , Rongxin Chen , Yunfan Li , Huawei Shen

In many sequential tasks, a model needs to remember relevant events from the distant past to make correct predictions. Unfortunately, a straightforward application of gradient based training requires intermediate computations to be stored…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-14 Artyom Sorokin , Nazar Buzun , Leonid Pugachev , Mikhail Burtsev

Large Language Model (LLM) agents use memory to learn from past interactions, enabling autonomous planning and decision-making in complex environments. However, this reliance on memory introduces a critical security risk: an adversary can…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Qianshan Wei , Tengchao Yang , Yaochen Wang , Xinfeng Li , Lijun Li , Zhenfei Yin , Yi Zhan , Thorsten Holz , Zhiqiang Lin , XiaoFeng Wang

Agentic memory systems enable large language model (LLM) agents to maintain state across long interactions, supporting long-horizon reasoning and personalization beyond fixed context windows. Despite rapid architectural development, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Dongming Jiang , Yi Li , Songtao Wei , Jinxin Yang , Ayushi Kishore , Alysa Zhao , Dingyi Kang , Xu Hu , Feng Chen , Qiannan Li , Bingzhe Li

LLM-based agents have been widely applied as personal assistants, capable of memorizing information from user messages and responding to personal queries. However, there still lacks an objective and automatic evaluation on their memory…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Zeyu Zhang , Quanyu Dai , Luyu Chen , Zeren Jiang , Rui Li , Jieming Zhu , Xu Chen , Yi Xie , Zhenhua Dong , Ji-Rong Wen

As multi-agent AI systems grow in complexity, the protocols connecting them constrain their capabilities. Current protocols such as A2A and MCP do not expose model-level properties as first-class primitives, ignoring properties fundamental…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Sunil Prakash

In this paper, we study Interaction-Grounded Learning (IGL) [Xie et al., 2021], a paradigm designed for realistic scenarios where the learner receives indirect feedback generated by an unknown mechanism, rather than explicit numerical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Mengxiao Zhang , Yuheng Zhang , Haipeng Luo , Paul Mineiro

We propose a novel method called Long Expressive Memory (LEM) for learning long-term sequential dependencies. LEM is gradient-based, it can efficiently process sequential tasks with very long-term dependencies, and it is sufficiently…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-28 T. Konstantin Rusch , Siddhartha Mishra , N. Benjamin Erichson , Michael W. Mahoney

Large Language Model (LLM) agents exhibit remarkable conversational and reasoning capabilities but remain constrained by limited context windows and the lack of persistent memory. Recent efforts address these limitations via external memory…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Zhengjun Huang , Zhoujin Tian , Qintian Guo , Fangyuan Zhang , Yingli Zhou , Di Jiang , Zeying Xie , Xiaofang Zhou

Recent works on context and memory benchmarking have primarily focused on conversational instances but the need for evaluating memory in dynamic enterprise environments is crucial for its effective application. We introduce MEMTRACK, a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Darshan Deshpande , Varun Gangal , Hersh Mehta , Anand Kannappan , Rebecca Qian , Peng Wang

Knowledge Tracing (KT) models students' evolving knowledge states to predict future performance, serving as a foundation for personalized education. While traditional deep learning models achieve high accuracy, they often lack…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Runze Li , Kedi Chen , Guwei Feng , Mo Yu , Jun Wang , Wei Zhang

We present a new approach to modeling sequential data: the deep equilibrium model (DEQ). Motivated by an observation that the hidden layers of many existing deep sequence models converge towards some fixed point, we propose the DEQ approach…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-30 Shaojie Bai , J. Zico Kolter , Vladlen Koltun

Current approaches to memory in Large Language Models (LLMs) predominantly rely on static Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG), which often results in scattered retrieval and fails to capture the structural dependencies required for complex…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Zhengxuan Lu , Dongfang Li , Yukun Shi , Beilun Wang , Longyue Wang , Baotian Hu

We use a Quantum Extreme Learning Machine for characterizing and estimating parameters of quantum dynamics generated by a tunable collision model. The input to the learning protocol consists of quantum states produced by successive system…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-19 Hajar Assil , Abderrahim El Allati , Gian Luca Giorgi

We envision a continuous collaborative learning system where groups of LLM agents work together to solve reasoning problems, drawing on memory they collectively build to improve performance as they gain experience. This work establishes the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Julie Michelman , Nasrin Baratalipour , Matthew Abueg