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We introduce the MultiLang Code Parser Dataset (MLCPD), a large-scale, language-agnostic dataset unifying syntactic and structural representations of code across ten major programming languages. MLCPD contains over seven million parsed…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Jugal Gajjar , Kamalasankari Subramaniakuppusamy

As one of the most detrimental code smells, code clones significantly increase software maintenance costs and heighten vulnerability risks, making their detection a critical challenge in software engineering. Abstract Syntax Trees (ASTs)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Zixian Zhang , Takfarinas Saber

Recently, code language models have achieved notable advancements in addressing a diverse array of essential code comprehension and generation tasks. Yet, the field lacks a comprehensive deep dive and understanding of the code embeddings of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Saiteja Utpala , Alex Gu , Pin Yu Chen

This paper revisits recent code similarity evaluation metrics, particularly focusing on the application of Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) editing distance in diverse programming languages. In particular, we explore the usefulness of these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Yewei Song , Cedric Lothritz , Daniel Tang , Tegawendé F. Bissyandé , Jacques Klein

To save manual effort, developers often translate programs from one programming language to another, instead of implementing it from scratch. Translating application program interfaces (APIs) used in one language to functionally equivalent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-11 Nghi D. Q. Bui , Yijun Yu , Lingxiao Jiang

Software undergoes constant changes to support new requirements, address bugs, enhance performance, and ensure maintainability. Thus, developers spend a great portion of their workday trying to understand and review the code changes of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-26 Pouria Alikhanifard , Nikolaos Tsantalis

Matching binary to source code and vice versa has various applications in different fields, such as computer security, software engineering, and reverse engineering. Even though there exist methods that try to match source code with binary…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-04-11 Ali TehraniJamsaz , Hanze Chen , Ali Jannesari

Efficiently representing source code is crucial for various software engineering tasks such as code classification and clone detection. Existing approaches primarily use Abstract Syntax Tree (AST), and only a few focus on semantic graphs…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Karthik Chandra Swarna , Noble Saji Mathews , Dheeraj Vagavolu , Sridhar Chimalakonda

We consider the well-known and important tasks of clone detection and information retrieval for source code. The most standard setup is to search clones inside the same language code snippets. But it is also useful to find code snippets…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Anton Tikhonov , Nikita Sorokin , Dmitry Abulkhanov , Irina Piontkovskaya , Sergey Nikolenko , Valentin Malykh

Code clone detection is a critical task in software engineering, aimed at identifying duplicated or similar code fragments within or across software systems. Traditional methods often fail to capture functional equivalence, particularly for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Yunhao Liang , Ruixuan Ying , Takuya Taniguchi , Guwen Lyu , Zhe Cui

Widespread reuse of open-source code in smart contract development boosts programming efficiency but significantly amplifies bug propagation across contracts, while dedicated methods for detecting similar smart contract functions remain…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Zhenguang Liu , Lixun Ma , Zhongzheng Mu , Chengkun Wei , Xiaojun Xu , Yingying Jiao , Kui Ren

Code analysis is fundamental in Software Engineering, supporting debugging, optimization, and security assessment. Human developers approach it through syntax parsing, static semantics inference, and dynamic reasoning. Traditional tools are…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Wei Ma , Zhihao Lin , Shangqing Liu , Qiang Hu , Ye Liu , Wenhan Wang , Cen Zhang , Liming Nie , Li Li , Yang Liu , Lingxiao Jiang

The rapid proliferation of diverse programming languages presents both opportunities and challenges for developing multilingual code LLMs. While existing techniques often train code LLMs by simply aggregating multilingual code data, few…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Shangbo Yun , Xiaodong Gu , Jianghong Huang , Beijun Shen

Source code (Context) and its parsed abstract syntax tree (AST; Structure) are two complementary representations of the same computer program. Traditionally, designers of machine learning models have relied predominantly either on Structure…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-23 Daniel Zügner , Tobias Kirschstein , Michele Catasta , Jure Leskovec , Stephan Günnemann

Program semantics learning is the core and fundamental for various code intelligent tasks e.g., vulnerability detection, clone detection. A considerable amount of existing works propose diverse approaches to learn the program semantics for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-03-23 Jing Kai Siow , Shangqing Liu , Xiaofei Xie , Guozhu Meng , Yang Liu

Structured merge tools exploit programming language syntactic structure to enhance merge accuracy by reducing spurious conflicts reported by unstructured tools. By creating and handling full ASTs, structured tools are language-specific and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Guilherme Cavalcanti , Paulo Borba , Leonardo dos Anjos , Jonatas Clementino

Despite the continuous efforts in improving both the effectiveness and efficiency of code search, two issues remained unsolved. First, programming languages have inherent strong structural linkages, and feature mining of code as text form…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-08-09 Yi Hu , Bo Cai , Yaoxiang Yu

Code summarization aims to generate concise natural language descriptions of source code, which can help improve program comprehension and maintenance. Recent studies show that syntactic and structural information extracted from abstract…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-12-01 Ensheng Shi , Yanlin Wang , Lun Du , Hongyu Zhang , Shi Han , Dongmei Zhang , Hongbin Sun

Code clone detection is involved with detecting duplicated fragments of code within a code base. Detecting these clones is useful for maintenance operations which require editing the clones. The tools developed are expected to be robust…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2016-05-10 Ogechi Onuoha

Code classification is a difficult issue in program understanding and automatic coding. Due to the elusive syntax and complicated semantics in programs, most existing studies use techniques based on abstract syntax tree (AST) and graph…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Guang Yang , Tiancheng Jin , Liang Dou