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In this paper we study the maximal pattern complexity of infinite words up to Abelian equivalence. We compute a lower bound for the Abelian maximal pattern complexity of infinite words which are both recurrent and aperiodic by projection.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-02-20 Teturo Kamae , Steven Widmer , Luca Q. Zamboni

We prove the existence of a ternary sequence of factor complexity $2n+1$ for any given vector of rationally independent letter frequencies. Such sequences are constructed from an infinite product of two substitutions according to a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-02-25 Julien Cassaigne , Sébastien Labbé , Julien Leroy

A finite word is closed if it contains a factor that occurs both as a prefix and as a suffix but does not have internal occurrences, otherwise it is open. We are interested in the {\it oc-sequence} of a word, which is the binary sequence…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2018-05-28 Alessandro De Luca , Gabriele Fici , Luca Q. Zamboni

Let $ \prod_{i=1}^d (X-\alpha_i Y) \in{\mathbb C}[X,Y]$ be a binary form and let $\epsilon_1,\dots,\epsilon_d$ be nonzero complex numbers. We consider the family of binary forms $ \prod_{i=1}^d (X-\alpha_i \epsilon_i^aY)$, $a\in {\mathbb…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2018-02-15 Claude Levesque , Michel Waldschmidt

An infinite word has the property $R_m$ if every factor has exactly $m$ return words. Vuillon showed that $R_2$ characterizes Sturmian words. We prove that a word satisfies $R_m$ if its complexity function is $(m-1)n+1$ and if it contains…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-09-27 Lubomira Balkova , Edita Pelantova , Wolfgang Steiner

In 2011, Fici and Lipt\'ak introduced prefix normal words. A binary word is prefix normal if it has no factor (substring) that contains more occurrences of the letter 1 than the prefix of the same length. Among the open problems regarding…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-08-28 Duncan Adamson , Moritz Dudey , Pamela Fleischmann , Annika Huch

A double occurrence word $w$ over a finite alphabet $\Sigma$ is a word in which each alphabet letter appears exactly twice. Such words arise naturally in the study of topology, graph theory, and combinatorics. Recently, double occurrence…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2012-05-01 Jonathan Burns , Tilahun Muche

We define a sequence of positive integers recursively, where each term is determined as follows: starting with a given positive integer, if the term is odd, the next is the sum of its positive divisors; if the term is even, the subsequent…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2025-06-04 Ritesh Dwivedi , Rohit Yadav

We study $B(n;k)$, the number of ways of writing $n$ as a sum or difference of the first $k$ Fibonacci numbers. We show that $B(0;k)$ satisfies the Tribonacci-like recurrence $B(0;k+1)=B(0;k)+B(0;k-1)+B(0;k-2)$ and that $B(n;k)$ satisfies a…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2026-04-20 Katie Anders , Madeline L. Dawsey , Joseph Vandehey

Let $X=(X_i)_{i\ge 1}$ and $Y=(Y_i)_{i\ge 1}$ be two sequences of independent and identically distributed (iid) random variables taking their values, uniformly, in a common totally ordered finite alphabet. Let LCI$_n$ be the length of the…

Probability · Mathematics 2018-08-27 Jean-Christophe Breton , Christian Houdré

In this paper we study the enumeration and the construction, according to the number of ones, of particular binary words avoiding a fixed pattern. The growth of such words can be described by particular jumping and marked succession rules.…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2011-08-19 Stefano Bilotta , Elisa Pergola , Renzo Pinzani

We study the palindromic complexity of infinite words $u_\beta$, the fixed points of the substitution over a binary alphabet, $\phi(0)=0^a1$, $\phi(1)=0^b1$, with $a-1\geq b\geq 1$, which are canonically associated with quadratic non-simple…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-08-16 L'ubomíra Balková , Zuzana Masáková

The notion of Abelian complexity of infinite words was recently used by the three last authors to investigate various Abelian properties of words. In particular, using van der Waerden's theorem, they proved that if a word avoids Abelian…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2010-05-17 Julien Cassaigne , Gwénaël Richomme , Kalle Saari , Luca Q. Zamboni

We count the number of occurrences of certain patterns in given words. We choose these words to be the set of all finite approximations of a sequence generated by a morphism with certain restrictions. The patterns in our considerations are…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 S. Kitaev , T. Mansour

We give recurrences, generating functions and explicit exact expressions for the enumeration of fundamental quantities involving runs in binary strings. We first focus on enumerations concerning runs of ones, and we then analyse the same…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-02-13 Félix Balado , Guénolé C. M. Silvestre

A sequence of non-negative integers is called a B_k sequence if all the sums of arbitrary k elements are different. In this paper, we will present a new upper bound for B_3 sequences.

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2011-03-29 An-Ping Li

Two words are $k$-binomially equivalent if each subword of length at most $k$ occurs the same number of times in both words. The $k$-binomial complexity of an infinite word is a counting function that maps $n$ to the number of $k$-binomial…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-12-07 Michel Rigo , Manon Stipulanti , Markus A. Whiteland

The non-repetitive complexity $nr\mathcal{C}_{\bf u}$ and the initial non-repetitive complexity $inr\mathcal{C}_{\bf u}$ are functions which reflect the structure of the infinite word ${\bf u}$ with respect to the repetitions of factors of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-03-02 Kateřina Medková , Edita Pelantová , Élise Vandomme

Prefix normal words are binary words that have no factor with more $1$s than the prefix of the same length. Finite prefix normal words were introduced in [Fici and Lipt\'ak, DLT 2011]. In this paper, we study infinite prefix normal words…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-05-31 Ferdinando Cicalese , Zsuzsanna Lipták , Massimiliano Rossi

This paper is the continuation of \cite{htl}, where we deal with Lucas sequences. Here we study integers represented by integer sequences which satisfy binary recursive relations. In case of non-degenerate sequences we give bounds for the…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2024-08-12 L. Hajdu , R. Tijdeman