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Time series forecasting (TSF) is crucial in fields like economic forecasting, weather prediction, traffic flow analysis, and public health surveillance. Real-world time series data often include noise, outliers, and missing values, making…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Quangao Liu , Ruiqi Li , Maowei Jiang , Wei Yang , Chen Liang , LongLong Pang , Zhuozhang Zou

Transformer-based time series foundation models face a fundamental trade-off in choice of tokenization: point-wise embeddings preserve temporal fidelity but scale poorly with sequence length, whereas fixed-length patching improves…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Sravan Kumar Ankireddy , Nikita Seleznev , Nam H. Nguyen , Yulun Wu , Senthil Kumar , Furong Huang , C. Bayan Bruss

Long-term time series forecasting (LTSF) has been widely applied in finance, traffic prediction, and other domains. Recently, patch-based transformers have emerged as a promising approach, segmenting data into sub-level patches that serve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Ruixin Ding , Yuqi Chen , Yu-Ting Lan , Wei Zhang

Multivariate time series forecasting has been widely used in various practical scenarios. Recently, Transformer-based models have shown significant potential in forecasting tasks due to the capture of long-range dependencies. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-10 Zhe Li , Zhongwen Rao , Lujia Pan , Zenglin Xu

In the context of increasing demands for long-term multi-energy load forecasting in real-world applications, this paper introduces Patchformer, a novel model that integrates patch embedding with encoder-decoder Transformer-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-17 Qiuyi Hong , Fanlin Meng , Felipe Maldonado

Data-driven weather models have advanced global medium-range forecasting, yet high-resolution regional prediction remains challenging due to unresolved multiscale interactions between large-scale dynamics and small-scale processes such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Weiqi Chen , Wenwei Wang , Qilong Yuan , Lefei Shen , Bingqing Peng , Jiawei Chen , Bo Wu , Liang Sun

Multi-horizon forecasting problems often contain a complex mix of inputs -- including static (i.e. time-invariant) covariates, known future inputs, and other exogenous time series that are only observed historically -- without any prior…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-09-29 Bryan Lim , Sercan O. Arik , Nicolas Loeff , Tomas Pfister

Designing effective models for learning time series representations is foundational for time series analysis. Many previous works have explored time series representation modeling approaches and have made progress in this area. Despite…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Mingyue Cheng , Jiqian Yang , Tingyue Pan , Qi Liu , Zhi Li

The recent success of multiple neural architectures like CNNs, Transformers, and MLP-Mixers motivated us to look for similarities and differences between them. We found that these architectures can be interpreted through the lens of a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Suman Sapkota , Binod Bhattarai

Multivariate time series forecasting involves predicting future values based on historical observations. However, existing approaches primarily rely on predefined single-scale patches or lack effective mechanisms for multi-scale feature…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Huanyao Zhang , Jiaye Lin , Wentao Zhang , Haitao Yuan , Guoliang Li

Time series forecasting methods generally fall into two main categories: Channel Independent (CI) and Channel Dependent (CD) strategies. While CI overlooks important covariate relationships, CD captures all dependencies without distinction,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Yifan Hu , Guibin Zhang , Peiyuan Liu , Disen Lan , Naiqi Li , Dawei Cheng , Tao Dai , Shu-Tao Xia , Shirui Pan

Recent advancements in multivariate time series forecasting have been propelled by Linear-based, Transformer-based, and Convolution-based models, with Transformer-based architectures gaining prominence for their efficacy in temporal and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Chaolv Zeng , Zhanyu Liu , Guanjie Zheng , Linghe Kong

Transformer models have redefined sequence learning, yet dot-product self-attention introduces a quadratic token-mixing bottleneck for long-context time-series. We introduce the \textbf{Phasor Transformer} block, a phase-native alternative…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Dibakar Sigdel

Accurate forecasting of multivariate time series remains challenging due to the need to capture both short-term fluctuations and long-range temporal dependencies. Transformer-based models have emerged as a powerful approach, but their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Aymane Harkati , Moncef Garouani , Olivier Teste , Julien Aligon , Mohamed Hamlich

Periodicity is a fundamental characteristic of time series data and has long played a central role in forecasting. Recent deep learning methods strengthen the exploitation of periodicity by treating patches as basic tokens, thereby…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Yiming Niu , Jinliang Deng , Yongxin Tong

Transformers for time series forecasting mainly model time series from limited or fixed scales, making it challenging to capture different characteristics spanning various scales. We propose Pathformer, a multi-scale Transformer with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Peng Chen , Yingying Zhang , Yunyao Cheng , Yang Shu , Yihang Wang , Qingsong Wen , Bin Yang , Chenjuan Guo

Deep learning algorithms, especially Transformer-based models, have achieved significant performance by capturing long-range dependencies and historical information. However, the power of convolution has not been fully investigated.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-29 Zhihao Yu , Liantao Ma , Yasha Wang , Junfeng Zhao

Time series forecasting, which aims to predict future values based on historical data, has garnered significant attention due to its broad range of applications. However, real-world time series often exhibit complex non-uniform distribution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Yanru Sun , Zongxia Xie , Emadeldeen Eldele , Dongyue Chen , Qinghua Hu , Min Wu

Accurate forecasting of multivariate time series data remains a formidable challenge, particularly due to the growing complexity of temporal dependencies in real-world scenarios. While neural network-based models have achieved notable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Andrey Savchenko , Oleg Kachan

Recent research has challenged the necessity of complex deep learning architectures for time series forecasting, demonstrating that simple linear models can often outperform sophisticated approaches. Building upon this insight, we introduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Remi Genet , Hugo Inzirillo