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The alignments of reasoning abilities between smaller and larger Language Models are largely conducted via Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) using demonstrations generated from robust Large Language Models (LLMs). Although these approaches…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Leonardo Ranaldi , Andrè Freitas

Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) is a key method for aligning large language models (LLMs) with human preferences. However, current offline alignment approaches like DPO, IPO, and SLiC rely heavily on fixed preference…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Mucong Ding , Souradip Chakraborty , Vibhu Agrawal , Zora Che , Alec Koppel , Mengdi Wang , Amrit Bedi , Furong Huang

Pretrained Large Language Models (LLMs) achieve strong performance across a wide range of tasks, yet exhibit substantial variability in the various layers' training quality with respect to specific downstream applications, limiting their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Hadi Askari , Shivanshu Gupta , Fei Wang , Anshuman Chhabra , Muhao Chen

Instruction Fine-Tuning (IFT) is a powerful paradigm that strengthens the zero-shot capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs), but in doing so induces new evaluation metric requirements. We show LLM-based metrics to be well adapted to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Manuel Faysse , Gautier Viaud , Céline Hudelot , Pierre Colombo

Large Language Models (LLMs) require precise alignment with complex instructions to optimize their performance in real-world applications. As the demand for refined instruction tuning data increases, traditional methods that evolve simple…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Jiuding Yang , Shengyao Lu , Weidong Guo , Xiangyang Li , Kaitong Yang , Yu Xu , Di Niu

Enabling embodied agents to complete complex human instructions from natural language is crucial to autonomous systems in household services. Conventional methods can only accomplish human instructions in the known environment where all…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Zhenyu Wu , Ziwei Wang , Xiuwei Xu , Hang Yin , Yinan Liang , Angyuan Ma , Jiwen Lu , Haibin Yan

Despite rapid advances in the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs), they continue to struggle with following relatively simple and unambiguous instructions, particularly when compositional structure is involved. Recent work suggests…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Prince Kumar , Rudra Murthy , Riyaz Bhat , Danish Contractor

In many real-world applications, users rely on natural language instructions to guide large language models (LLMs) across a wide range of tasks. These instructions are often complex, diverse, and subject to frequent change. However, LLMs do…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Praveen Venkateswaran , Danish Contractor

Recent advances in large language model (LLM) reasoning through reinforcement learning rely on annotated datasets for verifiable rewards, which may limit models' ability to surpass human-level performance. While self-play offers a promising…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Wai-Chung Kwan , Joshua Ong Jun Leang , Pavlos Vougiouklis , Jeff Z. Pan , Marco Valentino , Pasquale Minervini

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has shown promise for aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) to follow instructions with various constraints. Despite the encouraging results, RL improvement inevitably relies on sampling successful, high-quality…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Kongcheng Zhang , Qi Yao , Shunyu Liu , Wenjian Zhang , Min Cen , Yang Zhou , Wenkai Fang , Yiru Zhao , Baisheng Lai , Mingli Song

Recent progress in (multimodal) large language models ((M)LLMs) has shifted focus from pre-training to inference-time computation and post-training optimization, largely due to concerns over the availability of high-quality human data.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Xiaoying Zhang , Da Peng , Yipeng Zhang , Zonghao Guo , Chengyue Wu , Jen-Tse Huang , Chi Chen , Wei Ke , Helen Meng , Maosong Sun

Instruction tuning plays a pivotal role in Code Large Language Models (Code LLMs) for the task of program synthesis. Presently, two dominant paradigms for collecting tuning data are natural-instruct (human-written) and self-instruct…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-04 Xianzhen Luo , Qingfu Zhu , Zhiming Zhang , Xu Wang , Qing Yang , Dongliang Xu , Wanxiang Che

In the instruction fine-tuning of large language models (LLMs), it is widely recognized that a few high-quality instructions are superior to a large number of low-quality instructions. At present, many instruction selection methods have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Qingsong Lv , Yangning Li , Zihua Lan , Zishan Xu , Jiwei Tang , Tingwei Lu , Yinghui Li , Wenhao Jiang , Hong-Gee Kim , Hai-Tao Zheng , Philip S. Yu

The fine-tuning of Large Language Models (LLMs) specialized in code generation has seen notable advancements through the use of open-domain coding queries. Despite the successes, existing methodologies like Evol-Instruct encounter…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Weidong Guo , Jiuding Yang , Kaitong Yang , Xiangyang Li , Zhuwei Rao , Yu Xu , Di Niu

Large Language Models (LLMs) for public use require continuous pre-training to remain up-to-date with the latest data. The models also need to be fine-tuned with specific instructions to maintain their ability to follow instructions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Ishan Jindal , Chandana Badrinath , Pranjal Bharti , Lakkidi Vinay , Sachin Dev Sharma

The capability to precisely adhere to instructions is a cornerstone for Large Language Models (LLMs) to function as dependable agents in real-world scenarios. However, confronted with complex prompts, LLMs frequently encounter difficulties…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Jiaming wang , Yunke Zhao , Peng Ding , Jun Kuang , Yibin Shen , Zhe Tang , Yilin Jin , ZongYu Wang , Xiaoyu Li , Xuezhi Cao , Xunliang Cai

In the past decades, recommender systems have attracted much attention in both research and industry communities, and a large number of studies have been devoted to developing effective recommendation models. Basically speaking, these…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-05-12 Junjie Zhang , Ruobing Xie , Yupeng Hou , Wayne Xin Zhao , Leyu Lin , Ji-Rong Wen

A key technology for the development of large language models (LLMs) involves instruction tuning that helps align the models' responses with human expectations to realize impressive learning abilities. Two major approaches for instruction…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-03 Viet Dac Lai , Chien Van Nguyen , Nghia Trung Ngo , Thuat Nguyen , Franck Dernoncourt , Ryan A. Rossi , Thien Huu Nguyen

While success in many robotics tasks can be determined by only observing the final state and how it differs from the initial state - e.g., if an apple is picked up - many tasks require observing the full motion of the robot to correctly…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Minyoung Hwang , Joey Hejna , Dorsa Sadigh , Yonatan Bisk

Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) aligns Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences, yet the underlying reward signals they internalize remain hidden, posing a critical challenge for interpretability and safety.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Nyal Patel , Matthieu Bou , Arjun Jagota , Satyapriya Krishna , Sonali Parbhoo