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This paper studies generalization error bounds for Transformer models. Based on the offset Rademacher complexity, we derive sharper generalization bounds for different Transformer architectures, including single-layer single-head,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Yawen Li , Tao Hu , Zhouhui Lian , Wan Tian , Yijie Peng , Huiming Zhang , Zhongyi Li

Spectral graph neural networks learn graph filters, but their behavior with increasing depth and polynomial order is not well understood. We analyze these models in the graph Fourier domain, where each layer becomes an element-wise…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Vahan A. Martirosyan , Daniele Malitesta , Hugues Talbot , Jhony H. Giraldo , Fragkiskos D. Malliaros

Deep nets generalize well despite having more parameters than the number of training samples. Recent works try to give an explanation using PAC-Bayes and Margin-based analyses, but do not as yet result in sample complexity bounds better…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-28 Sanjeev Arora , Rong Ge , Behnam Neyshabur , Yi Zhang

Transformers serve as the foundational architecture for many successful large-scale models, demonstrating the ability to overfit the training data while maintaining strong generalization on unseen data, a phenomenon known as benign…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Yingying Zhang , Zhenyu Wu , Jian Li , Yong Liu

This paper provides norm-based generalization bounds for the Transformer architecture that do not depend on the input sequence length. We employ a covering number based approach to prove our bounds. We use three novel covering number bounds…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-10-23 Jacob Trauger , Ambuj Tewari

Deep neural networks often contain far more parameters than training examples, yet they still manage to generalize well in practice. Classical complexity measures such as VC-dimension or PAC-Bayes bounds usually become vacuous in this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Aviral Dhingra

Length generalization is a key property of a learning algorithm that enables it to make correct predictions on inputs of any length, given finite training data. To provide such a guarantee, one needs to be able to compute a length…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Andy Yang , Pascal Bergsträßer , Georg Zetzsche , David Chiang , Anthony W. Lin

Deep neural networks trained on a wide range of datasets demonstrate impressive transferability. Deep features appear general in that they are applicable to many datasets and tasks. Such property is in prevalent use in real-world…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-27 Hong Liu , Mingsheng Long , Jianmin Wang , Michael I. Jordan

We study transformers' generalization behavior on boolean domains from the perspective of the Fourier spectra of their target functions. In contrast to prior work (Edelman et al., 2022; Trauger & Tosh, 2024), which derived generalization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Paul Lintilhac , Sair Shaikh

The successful training of deep neural networks requires addressing challenges such as overfitting, numerical instabilities leading to divergence, and increasing variance in the residual stream. A common solution is to apply regularization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Jörg K. H. Franke , Urs Spiegelhalter , Marianna Nezhurina , Jenia Jitsev , Frank Hutter , Michael Hefenbrock

This dissertation studies a fundamental open challenge in deep learning theory: why do deep networks generalize well even while being overparameterized, unregularized and fitting the training data to zero error? In the first part of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Vaishnavh Nagarajan

Transductive tasks on graphs differ fundamentally from typical supervised machine learning tasks, as the independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) assumption does not hold among samples. Instead, all train/test/validation samples are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-21 Hamed Shirzad , Honghao Lin , Ameya Velingker , Balaji Venkatachalam , David Woodruff , Danica Sutherland

Aimed at explaining the surprisingly good generalization behavior of overparameterized deep networks, recent works have developed a variety of generalization bounds for deep learning, all based on the fundamental learning-theoretic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Vaishnavh Nagarajan , J. Zico Kolter

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have achieved breakthrough performances in a wide range of applications including image classification, semantic segmentation, and object detection. Previous research on characterizing the generalization…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-10-04 Shan Lin , Jingwei Zhang

It has been recently observed in much of the literature that neural networks exhibit a bottleneck rank property: for larger depths, the activation and weights of neural networks trained with gradient-based methods tend to be of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Antoine Ledent , Rodrigo Alves , Yunwen Lei

Generalization of deep neural networks remains one of the main open problems in machine learning. Previous theoretical works focused on deriving tight bounds of model complexity, while empirical works revealed that neural networks exhibit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-31 James Wang , Cheng-Lin Yang

Transformer-based models have recently become wildly successful across a diverse set of domains. At the same time, recent work has shown empirically and theoretically that Transformers are inherently limited. Specifically, they argue that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Gbètondji J-S Dovonon , Michael M. Bronstein , Matt J. Kusner

Despite their widespread use, training deep Transformers can be unstable. Layer normalization, a standard component, improves training stability, but its placement has often been ad-hoc. In this paper, we conduct a principled study on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Kelvin Kan , Xingjian Li , Benjamin J. Zhang , Tuhin Sahai , Stanley Osher , Krishna Kumar , Markos A. Katsoulakis

We show generalisation error bounds for deep learning with two main improvements over the state of the art. (1) Our bounds have no explicit dependence on the number of classes except for logarithmic factors. This holds even when formulating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-23 Antoine Ledent , Waleed Mustafa , Yunwen Lei , Marius Kloft

Complex-valued neural networks (CVNNs) have been widely applied to various fields, especially signal processing and image recognition. However, few works focus on the generalization of CVNNs, albeit it is vital to ensure the performance of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-08 Haowen Chen , Fengxiang He , Shiye Lei , Dacheng Tao
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