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Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) was introduced and used recently for promoting reasoning in LLMs under verifiable (binary) rewards. We show that the mean + variance calibration of these rewards induces a weighted contrastive loss…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Youssef Mroueh

Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) is widely used for training reasoning models, but updating all sampled completions in each group incurs substantial cost and can reinforce verbose reasoning trajectories. In this paper, we study…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Qingfei Zhao , Huan Song , Shuyu Tian , Jiawei Shao , Xuelong Li

The advantage function is a central concept in RL that helps reduce variance in policy gradient estimates. For language modeling, Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) was proposed to use the within-group sample mean as a baseline for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Hu Wang , Congbo Ma , Ian Reid , Mohammad Yaqub

Training robust and generalizable reward models for human visual preferences is essential for aligning text-to-image and text-to-video generative models with human intent. However, current reward models often fail to generalize, and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Alexander Gambashidze , Li Pengyi , Matvey Skripkin , Andrey Galichin , Anton Gusarov , Konstantin Sobolev , Andrey Kuznetsov , Ivan Oseledets

Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) is effective for training language models on complex reasoning. However, since the objective is defined relative to a group of sampled trajectories, extended deliberation can create more chances to…

Most of the traditional Applicant Tracking Systems (ATS) depend on strict matching using keywords, where candidates that are highly qualified are many times disqualified because of minor semantic differences. In this article, the two-stage…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Shreyansh Jain , Madhav Singhvi , Shreya Rahul Jain , Pranav S , Dishaa Lokesh , Naren Chittibabu , Akash Anandhan

Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) has emerged as an effective method for training reasoning models. While it computes advantages based on group mean, GRPO treats each output as an independent sample during the optimization and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Yu Li , Tian Lan , Zhengling Qi

Reinforcement learning with verifiable reward has recently emerged as a central paradigm for post-training large language models (LLMs); however, prevailing mean-based methods, such as Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO), suffer from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Tao Ren , Jinyang Jiang , Hui Yang , Wan Tian , Minhao Zou , Guanghao Li , Zishi Zhang , Qinghao Wang , Shentao Qin , Yanjun Zhao , Rui Tao , Hui Shao , Yijie Peng

Group Relative Policy Optimization(GRPO) has become a cornerstone of modern reinforcement learning alignment, prized for its efficacy in foregoing an explicit value-critic by leveraging reward normalization across sampled trajectory…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Redacted by arXiv

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promise in solving complex mathematical problems, yet they still fall short of producing accurate and consistent solutions. Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a framework for aligning these models with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Ali Hatamizadeh , Shrimai Prabhumoye , Igor Gitman , Ximing Lu , Seungju Han , Wei Ping , Yejin Choi , Jan Kautz

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has become an effective paradigm for improving reasoning language models on tasks such as mathematics, coding, and scientific question answering. However, widely used group-relative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Redacted by arXiv

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has become a standard recipe for post-training LLMs on reasoning tasks, with Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) emerging as a leading approach. However, GRPO and its variants are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Chanakya Ekbote , Vijay Lingam , Sujay Sanghavi , Jun Huan , Behrooz Omidvar-Tehrani , Anoop Deoras , Stefano Soatto

Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) is widely used for reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards, but it often suffers from advantage collapse: when all rollouts in a group receive the same reward, the group yields zero relative…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Yu Xia , Canwen Xu , Zhewei Yao , Julian McAuley , Yuxiong He

Post-training has become effective for high-level generation, but its role in low-level vision remains underexplored. Existing image restoration methods often rely on fixed pixel-wise fitting to ground-truth images, which can lead to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Haoxuan Xu , Yi Liu , Tianfu Li , Ruolin Shen , Boyuan Jiang , Jinlong Peng , Donghao Luo , Xiaobin Hu , Shuicheng Yan , Haoang Li

Recent large reasoning models (LRMs) driven by reinforcement learning algorithms (e.g., GRPO) have achieved remarkable performance on challenging reasoning tasks. However, these models suffer from overthinking, generating unnecessarily long…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Gang Li , Yan Chen , Ming Lin , Tianbao Yang

Group-Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) is a key technique for training large reasoning models, yet it suffers from a critical vulnerability: the \emph{Think-Answer Mismatch}, where noisy reward signals corrupt the learning process. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Si Shen , Peijun Shen , Wenhua Zhao , Danhao Zhu

Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) is a promising policy-based approach for Large Language Model alignment, yet its performance is often limited by training instability and suboptimal convergence. In this paper, we identify and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Marco Simoni , Aleksandar Fontana , Giulio Rossolini , Andrea Saracino , Paolo Mori

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) highlight the importance of post training techniques for improving reasoning and mathematical ability. Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) has shown promise in this domain by combining…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Gabriele Carrino , Andrea Sassella , Nicolo Brunello , Federico Toschi , Mark James Carman

Reinforcement learning for agentic large language models (LLMs) typically relies on a sparse, trajectory-level outcome reward, making it difficult to evaluate the contribution of individual tool-calls within multi-turn interactions.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Dingwei Chen , Zefang Zong , Zhipeng Ma , Leo Luo , Yang Li , Chengming Li , Peng Chen , Jie Jiang

We argue that decomposing reward into weighted, verifiable criteria and using an LLM judge to score them provides a partial-credit optimization signal: instead of a binary outcome or a single holistic score, each response is graded along…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Manish Bhattarai , Ismael Boureima , Nishath Rajiv Ranasinghe , Scott Pakin , Dan O'Malley