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The Kolmogorov-Arnold Theorem (KAT), or more generally, the Kolmogorov Superposition Theorem (KST), establishes that any non-linear multivariate function can be exactly represented as a finite superposition of non-linear univariate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Francesco Alesiani , Takashi Maruyama , Henrik Christiansen , Viktor Zaverkin

We present a well-structured detailed exposition of a well-known proof of the following celebrated result solving Hilbert's 13th problem on superpositions. For functions of 2 variables the statement is as follows. Kolmogorov Theorem. There…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2022-08-24 S. Dzhenzher , A. Skopenkov

The Loewner framework is an interpolatory approach for the approximation of linear and nonlinear systems. The purpose here is to extend this framework to linear parametric systems with an arbitrary number n of parameters. To achieve this, a…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-04-28 Athanasios C. Antoulas , Ion Victor Gosea , Charles Poussot-Vassal

Multivariate functions emerge naturally in a wide variety of data-driven models. Popular choices are expressions in the form of basis expansions or neural networks. While highly effective, the resulting functions tend to be hard to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-06-15 Jan Decuyper , Koen Tiels , Siep Weiland , Mark C. Runacres , Johan Schoukens

We study reduction schemes for functions of "many" variables into system of functions in one variable. Our setting includes infinite-dimensions. Following Cybenko-Kolmogorov, the outline for our results is as follows: We present explicit…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2019-03-08 Palle Jorgensen , Feng Tian

We explain how to use Kolmogorov Superposition Theorem (KST) to break the curse of dimensionality when approximating a dense class of multivariate continuous functions. We first show that there is a class of functions called…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-10-06 Ming-Jun Lai , Zhaiming Shen

The power of multivariate functions is their ability to model a wide variety of phenomena, but have the disadvantages that they lack an intuitive or interpretable representation, and often require a (very) large number of parameters. We…

Numerical Analysis · Computer Science 2018-05-23 Philippe Dreesen , Jeroen De Geeter , Mariya Ishteva

Decoupling multivariate polynomials is useful for obtaining an insight into the workings of a nonlinear mapping, performing parameter reduction, or approximating nonlinear functions. Several different tensor-based approaches have been…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2019-01-31 Konstantin Usevich , Philippe Dreesen , Mariya Ishteva

This research introduces a new method for the transition from partial to ordinary differential equations that is based on the Kolmogorov superposition theorem. In this paper, we discuss the numerical implementation of the Kolmogorov theorem…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2021-11-02 Korney Tomashchuk

Functions with singularities are notoriously difficult to approximate with conventional approximation schemes. In computational applications, they are often resolved with low-order piecewise polynomials, multilevel schemes, or other types…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-07-30 Nicolas Boullé , Astrid Herremans , Daan Huybrechs

We propose a new approach for approximating functions in $C([0,1]^d)$ via Kolmogorov superposition theorem (KST) based on the linear spline interpolation of the outer function in the Kolmogorov representation. We improve the results in…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-02-11 Ming-Jun Lai , Zhaiming Shen

In this work we prove the Stepanov differentiation theorem for multiple-valued functions. This theorem is proved in the wide generality of metric-space-multiple-valued functions without relying on a Lipschitz extension result. General…

Metric Geometry · Mathematics 2025-06-24 Paolo De Donato

Kolmogorov famously proved that multivariate continuous functions can be represented as a superposition of a small number of univariate continuous functions, $$ f(x_1,\dots,x_n) = \sum_{q=0}^{2n+1} \chi^q \left( \sum_{p=1}^n \psi^{pq}(x_p)…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2017-12-25 Jonas Actor , Matthew G. Knepley

Many scientific fields and applications require compact representations of multivariate functions. For this problem, decoupling methods are powerful techniques for representing the multivariate functions as a combination of linear…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-07 Joppe De Jonghe , Mariya Ishteva

In this paper we present results on asymptotic characteristics of multivariate function classes in the uniform norm. Our main interest is the approximation of functions with mixed smoothness parameter not larger than $1/2$. Our focus will…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2021-11-01 Vladimir Temlyakov , Tino Ullrich

A finite number of rational functions are compatible if they satisfy the compatibility conditions of a first-order linear functional system involving differential, shift and q-shift operators. We present a theorem that describes the…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2013-01-24 Shaoshi Chen , Ruyong Feng , Guofeng Fu , Ziming Li

Let $H$ be a hyperexponential function in $n$ variables $x=(x_1,\dots,x_n)$ with coefficients in a field $\mathbb{K}$, $[\mathbb{K}:\mathbb{Q}] <\infty$, and $\omega$ a rational differential $1$-form. Assume that $H\omega$ is closed and $H$…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2019-01-28 Thierry Combot

The decoupling of multivariate functions is a powerful modeling paradigm for learning multivariate input-output relations from data. For the single-layer case, established CPD-based methods are available, but the multi-layer case remained…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-14 Joppe De Jonghe , Konstantin Usevich , Philippe Dreesen , Mariya Ishteva

Separability of multivariate functions alleviates the difficulty in finding a minimum or maximum value of a function such that an optimal solution can be searched by solving several disjoint problems with lower dimensionalities. In most of…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2019-12-09 Takashi Goda

Let $C({\mathbb R}^n)$ denote the set of real valued continuous functions defined on ${\mathbb R}^n$. We prove that for every $n\ge 2$ there are positive numbers $\lambda _1 , \ldots , \lambda _n$ and continuous functions $\phi_1 ,\ldots ,…

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2021-05-06 M. Laczkovich
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