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Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) has recently emerged as a practical recipe for aligning large language models with verifiable objectives. However, under sparse terminal rewards, GRPO often stalls because rollouts within a group…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Baohao Liao , Hanze Dong , Xinxing Xu , Christof Monz , Jiang Bian

Reinforcement learning (RL), a common tool in decision making, learns control policies from various experiences based on the associated cumulative return/rewards without treating them differently. Humans, on the contrary, often learn to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Mingkang Wu , Devin White , Vernon Lawhern , Nicholas R. Waytowich , Yongcan Cao

Unified vision-language models have made significant progress in multimodal understanding and generation, yet they largely fall short in producing multimodal interleaved outputs, which is a crucial capability for tasks like visual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Ming Nie , Chunwei Wang , Jianhua Han , Hang Xu , Li Zhang

A combined task-level reinforcement learning and motion planning framework is proposed in this paper to address a multi-class in-rack test tube rearrangement problem. At the task level, the framework uses reinforcement learning to infer a…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-01-19 Hao Chen , Weiwei Wan , Masaki Matsushita , Takeyuki Kotaka , Kensuke Harada

Reinforcement learning (RL) has revolutionized decision-making across a wide range of domains over the past few decades. Yet, deploying RL policies in real-world scenarios presents the crucial challenge of ensuring safety. Traditional safe…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-26 Lunet Yifru , Ali Baheri

We consider a distributed system, consisting of a heterogeneous set of devices, ranging from low-end to high-end. These devices have different profiles, e.g., different energy budgets, or different hardware specifications, determining their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-11 Martin Rapp , Ramin Khalili , Jörg Henkel

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has been shown to be effective in many scenarios. However, it typically requires the exploration of a sufficiently large number of state-action pairs, some of which may be unsafe. Consequently, its application to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-06-24 Yousef Emam , Gennaro Notomista , Paul Glotfelter , Zsolt Kira , Magnus Egerstedt

In goal-conditioned hierarchical reinforcement learning (HRL), a high-level policy specifies a subgoal for the low-level policy to reach. Effective HRL hinges on a suitable subgoal represen tation function, abstracting state space into…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Vivienne Huiling Wang , Tinghuai Wang , Wenyan Yang , Joni-Kristian Kämäräinen , Joni Pajarinen

Transfer in reinforcement learning refers to the notion that generalization should occur not only within a task but also across tasks. We propose a transfer framework for the scenario where the reward function changes between tasks but the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-04-13 André Barreto , Will Dabney , Rémi Munos , Jonathan J. Hunt , Tom Schaul , Hado van Hasselt , David Silver

Offline Reinforcement Learning (RL) has shown promising results in learning a task-specific policy from a fixed dataset. However, successful offline RL often relies heavily on the coverage and quality of the given dataset. In scenarios…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-01 Chenjia Bai , Lingxiao Wang , Jianye Hao , Zhuoran Yang , Bin Zhao , Zhen Wang , Xuelong Li

This paper presents a hierarchical reinforcement learning (RL) approach to address the agent grouping or pairing problem in cooperative multi-agent systems. The goal is to simultaneously learn the optimal grouping and agent policy. By…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Liyuan Hu

Reinforcement learning (RL) agents are commonly trained and evaluated in the same environment. In contrast, humans often train in a specialized environment before being evaluated, such as studying a book before taking an exam. The potential…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Jarek Liesen , Chris Lu , Andrei Lupu , Jakob N. Foerster , Henning Sprekeler , Robert T. Lange

Generalizing locomotion policies across diverse legged robots with varying morphologies is a key challenge due to differences in observation/action dimensions and system dynamics. In this work, we propose Multi-Loco, a novel unified…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Shunpeng Yang , Zhen Fu , Zhefeng Cao , Guo Junde , Patrick Wensing , Wei Zhang , Hua Chen

Modern NLP applications have enjoyed a great boost utilizing neural networks models. Such deep neural models, however, are not applicable to most human languages due to the lack of annotated training data for various NLP tasks.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-06 Xilun Chen , Ahmed Hassan Awadallah , Hany Hassan , Wei Wang , Claire Cardie

Recent studies have demonstrated the overwhelming advantage of cross-lingual pre-trained models (PTMs), such as multilingual BERT and XLM, on cross-lingual NLP tasks. However, existing approaches essentially capture the co-occurrence among…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-23 Xiangpeng Wei , Rongxiang Weng , Yue Hu , Luxi Xing , Heng Yu , Weihua Luo

Multi-agent systems have evolved into practical LLM-driven collaborators for many applications, gaining robustness from diversity and cross-checking. However, multi-agent RL (MARL) training is resource-intensive and unstable: co-adapting…

This paper focuses on spectrum sharing in heterogeneous wireless networks, where nodes with different Media Access Control (MAC) protocols to transmit data packets to a common access point over a shared wireless channel. While previous…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Zhaoyang Liu , Xijun Wang , Chenyuan Feng , Xinghua Sun , Wen Zhan , Xiang Chen

Many current behavior generation methods struggle to handle real-world traffic situations as they do not scale well with complexity. However, behaviors can be learned off-line using data-driven approaches. Especially, reinforcement learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-02 Patrick Hart , Leonard Rychly , Alois Knol

Reinforcement Learning (RL) offers a powerful framework for optimizing dynamic treatment regimes (DTRs). However, clinical RL is fundamentally bottlenecked by reward engineering: the challenge of defining signals that safely and effectively…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Qianyi Xu , Gousia Habib , Feng Wu , Yanrui Du , Zhihui Chen , Swapnil Mishra , Dilruk Perera , Mengling Feng

We propose a simple method to align multilingual contextual embeddings as a post-pretraining step for improved zero-shot cross-lingual transferability of the pretrained models. Using parallel data, our method aligns embeddings on the word…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Lin Pan , Chung-Wei Hang , Haode Qi , Abhishek Shah , Saloni Potdar , Mo Yu