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Masked diffusion language models (MDLMs) offer the potential for parallel token generation, but most open-source MDLMs decode fewer than 5 tokens per model forward pass even with sophisticated sampling strategies, limiting their parallel…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Shirui Chen , Jiantao Jiao , Lillian J. Ratliff , Banghua Zhu

Recent masked diffusion language models (MDLMs), such as LLaDA and Dream, have achieved performance comparable to autoregressive large language models. Unlike autoregressive models, which generate text sequentially, MDLMs generate text by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Georu Lee , Seungwon Jeong , Hoki Kim , Jinseong Park , Woojin Lee

Masked diffusion large language models (dLLMs) are a promising alternative to autoregressive generation. While reinforcement learning (RL) methods have recently been adapted to dLLM fine-tuning, their objectives typically depend on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Yuyuan Chen , Shiyi Wang , Peter Potaptchik , Jaeyeon Kim , Michael S. Albergo

Diffusion language models (DLMs) have emerged as a promising alternative to the long-dominant autoregressive (AR) paradigm, offering a parallelable decoding process that could yield greater efficiency. Yet, in practice, current open-source…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Han Peng , Peiyu Liu , Zican Dong , Daixuan Cheng , Junyi Li , Yiru Tang , Shuo Wang , Wayne Xin Zhao

Watermarking has emerged as a promising technique to track AI-generated content and differentiate it from authentic human creations. While prior work extensively studies watermarking for autoregressive large language models (LLMs) and image…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Avi Bagchi , Akhil Bhimaraju , Moulik Choraria , Daniel Alabi , Lav R. Varshney

Diffusion Large Language Models (dLLMs) have emerged as a promising alternative to purely autoregressive language models because they can decode multiple tokens in parallel. However, state-of-the-art block-wise dLLMs rely on a "remasking"…

Unified architectures in multimodal large language models (MLLM) have shown promise in handling diverse tasks within a single framework. In the text-to-speech (TTS) task, current MLLM-based approaches rely on discrete token representations,…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-27 Xinlu He , Swayambhu Nath Ray , Harish Mallidi , Jia-Hong Huang , Ashwin Bellur , Chander Chandak , M. Maruf , Venkatesh Ravichandran

Discrete diffusion language models (dLLMs) provide a fast and flexible alternative to autoregressive models (ARMs) via iterative denoising with parallel updates. However, their evaluation is challenging: existing metrics conflate denoiser…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Luhan Tang , Longxuan Yu , Shaorong Zhang , Greg Ver Steeg

Due to limitations such as geographic, physical, or economic factors, collected seismic data often have missing traces. Traditional seismic data reconstruction methods face the challenge of selecting numerous empirical parameters and…

Geophysics · Physics 2026-01-09 Shuang Wang , Fei Deng , Peifan Jiang , Zezheng Ni , Bin Wang

In modern e-commerce search systems, dense retrieval has become an indispensable component. By computing similarities between query and item (product) embeddings, it efficiently selects candidate products from large-scale repositories. With…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Jianting Tang , Dongshuai Li , Tao Wen , Fuyu Lv , Dan Ou , Linli Xu

Diffusion Language Models (DLMs) offer order-agnostic generation that can explore many possible decoding trajectories. However, current decoding methods commit to a single trajectory, limiting exploration in trajectory space. We introduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Yangyi Shen , Tianjian Feng , Jiaqi Han , Wen Wang , Tianlang Chen , Chunhua Shen , Jure Leskovec , Stefano Ermon

Language models with recurrent depth, also referred to as universal or looped when considering transformers, are defined by the capacity to increase their computation through the repetition of layers. Recent efforts in pretraining have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Jonas Geiping , Xinyu Yang , Guinan Su

Tool calling has become increasingly popular for Large Language Models (LLMs). However, for large tool sets, the resulting tokens would exceed the LLM's context window limit, making it impossible to include every tool. Hence, an external…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Saptarshi Sengupta , Zhengyu Zhou , Jun Araki , Xingbo Wang , Bingqing Wang , Suhang Wang , Zhe Feng

Despite the recent advancement in Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems, most retrieval methodologies are often developed for factual retrieval, which assumes query and positive documents are semantically similar. In this paper, we…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-10 Luo Ji , Feixiang Guo , Teng Chen , Qingqing Gu , Xiaoyu Wang , Ningyuan Xi , Yihong Wang , Peng Yu , Yue Zhao , Hongyang Lei , Zhonglin Jiang , Yong Chen

Language models have become increasingly powerful tools for formal mathematical reasoning. However, most existing approaches rely exclusively on either large general-purpose models or smaller specialized models, each with distinct…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Nicolas Wischermann , Claudio Mayrink Verdun , Gabriel Poesia , Francesco Noseda

Autoregressive models (ARMs) are hindered by slow sequential inference. While masked diffusion models (MDMs) offer a parallel alternative, they suffer from critical drawbacks: high computational overhead from precluding Key-Value (KV)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Jia-Nan Li , Jian Guan , Wei Wu , Chongxuan Li

We propose dgMARK, a decoding-guided watermarking method for discrete diffusion language models (dLLMs). Unlike autoregressive models, dLLMs can generate tokens in arbitrary order. While an ideal conditional predictor would be invariant to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Pyo Min Hong , Albert No

Text retrieval is a long-standing research topic on information seeking, where a system is required to return relevant information resources to user's queries in natural language. From classic retrieval methods to learning-based ranking…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-11-29 Wayne Xin Zhao , Jing Liu , Ruiyang Ren , Ji-Rong Wen

Despite its success in image synthesis, we observe that diffusion probabilistic models (DPMs) often lack contextual reasoning ability to learn the relations among object parts in an image, leading to a slow learning process. To solve this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-22 Shanghua Gao , Pan Zhou , Ming-Ming Cheng , Shuicheng Yan

Diffusion models have demonstrated strong potential in language modeling, offering various advantages over traditional autoregressive approaches. Their ability to generate and revise entire responses in parallel enables faster generation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Michael Hersche , Samuel Moor-Smith , Thomas Hofmann , Abbas Rahimi
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