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Recurrent neural networks are effective models to process sequences. However, they are unable to learn long-term dependencies because of their inherent sequential nature. As a solution, Vaswani et al. introduced the Transformer, a model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Quentin Fournier , Gaétan Marceau Caron , Daniel Aloise

As long-context language modeling becomes increasingly important, the cost of maintaining and attending to large Key/Value (KV) caches grows rapidly, becoming a major bottleneck in both training and inference. While prior works such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Dong Liu , Yanxuan Yu , Ben Lengerich , Ying Nian Wu

Recurrent LLM architectures have emerged as a promising approach for improving reasoning, as they enable multi-step computation in the embedding space without generating intermediate tokens. Models such as Ouro perform reasoning by…

Token embeddings play a crucial role in language modeling but, despite this practical relevance, their theoretical understanding remains limited. Our paper addresses the gap by characterizing the structure of embeddings obtained via…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Diyuan Wu , Aleksandr Shevchenko , Samet Oymak , Marco Mondelli

The remarkable ability of transformers to learn new concepts solely by reading examples within the input prompt, termed in-context learning (ICL), is a crucial aspect of intelligent behavior. Here, we focus on understanding the learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Sara Dragutinović , Andrew M. Saxe , Aaditya K. Singh

Self-attention model have shown its flexibility in parallel computation and the effectiveness on modeling both long- and short-term dependencies. However, it calculates the dependencies between representations without considering the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-02-18 Baosong Yang , Jian Li , Derek Wong , Lidia S. Chao , Xing Wang , Zhaopeng Tu

Large Language Models (LLMs) often experience performance degradation during long-running interactions due to increasing context length, memory saturation, and computational overhead. This paper presents an adaptive context compression…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Payal Fofadiya , Sunil Tiwari

Large language models (LLMs) face significant challenges in processing long contexts due to the linear growth of the key-value (KV) cache and quadratic complexity of self-attention. Existing approaches address these bottlenecks separately:…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Zeng You , Yaofo Chen , Qiuwu Chen , Ying Sun , Shuhai Zhang , Yingjian Li , Yaowei Wang , Mingkui Tan

The quadratic computational complexity of softmax transformers has become a bottleneck in long-context scenarios. In contrast, linear attention model families provide a promising direction towards a more efficient sequential model. These…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Difan Deng , Andreas Bentzen Winje , Lukas Fehring , Marius Lindauer

The attention mechanism within the transformer architecture enables the model to weigh and combine tokens based on their relevance to the query. While self-attention has enjoyed major success, it notably treats all queries $q$ in the same…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-21 Xuechen Zhang , Xiangyu Chang , Mingchen Li , Amit Roy-Chowdhury , Jiasi Chen , Samet Oymak

While Transformer networks benefit from a global receptive field, their quadratic cost relative to sequence length restricts their application to long sequences and high-resolution inputs. We introduce Fast Multipole Attention (FMA), a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Yanming Kang , Giang Tran , Hans De Sterck

The quadratic computation complexity of self-attention has been a persistent challenge when applying Transformer models to vision tasks. Linear attention, on the other hand, offers a much more efficient alternative with its linear…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-04 Dongchen Han , Xuran Pan , Yizeng Han , Shiji Song , Gao Huang

Large Language Models (LLMs) suffer severe catastrophic forgetting when adapted sequentially to new tasks in a continual learning (CL) setting. Existing approaches are fundamentally limited: replay-based methods are impractical and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Shristi Das Biswas , Yue Zhang , Anwesan Pal , Radhika Bhargava , Kaushik Roy

Self-attention mechanism is the key of the Transformer but often criticized for its computation demands. Previous token pruning works motivate their methods from the view of computation redundancy but still need to load the full network and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Sihao Lin , Pumeng Lyu , Dongrui Liu , Tao Tang , Xiaodan Liang , Andy Song , Xiaojun Chang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are often evaluated against ideals of perfect Bayesian inference, yet growing evidence suggests that their in-context reasoning exhibits systematic forgetting of past information. Rather than viewing this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Alexandros Christoforos

Continual learning allows the system to learn and adapt to new tasks while retaining the knowledge acquired from previous tasks. However, deep learning models suffer from catastrophic forgetting of knowledge learned from earlier tasks while…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Dupati Srikar Chandra , P. K. Srijith , Dana Rezazadegan , Chris McCarthy

External memory systems are pivotal for enabling Large Language Model (LLM) agents to maintain persistent knowledge and perform long-horizon decision-making. Existing paradigms typically follow a two-stage process: computationally expensive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Xiucheng Xu , Bingbing Xu , Xueyun Tian , Zihe Huang , Rongxin Chen , Yunfan Li , Huawei Shen

Sequence memory is an essential attribute of natural and artificial intelligence that enables agents to encode, store, and retrieve complex sequences of stimuli and actions. Computational models of sequence memory have been proposed where…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-11-06 Hamza Tahir Chaudhry , Jacob A. Zavatone-Veth , Dmitry Krotov , Cengiz Pehlevan

Large Language Models (LLMs) encounter significant performance bottlenecks in long-sequence tasks due to the computational complexity and memory overhead inherent in the self-attention mechanism. To address these challenges, we introduce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Ziming Wang , Xiang Wang , Kailong Peng , Lang Qin , Juan Gabriel Kostelec , Christos Sourmpis , Axel Laborieux , Qinghai Guo

The current leading computer vision models are typically feed forward neural models, in which the output of one computational block is passed to the next one sequentially. This is in sharp contrast to the organization of the primate visual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-10-25 Barak Battash , Lior Wolf