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Machine Learning (ML)-based detectors are becoming essential to counter the proliferation of malware. However, common ML algorithms are not designed to cope with the dynamic nature of real-world settings, where both legitimate and malicious…

We present MADCAT, a self-supervised approach designed to address the concept drift problem in malware detection. MADCAT employs an encoder-decoder architecture and works by test-time training of the encoder on a small, balanced subset of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Eunjin Roh , Yigitcan Kaya , Christopher Kruegel , Giovanni Vigna , Sanghyun Hong

Permission analysis is a widely used method for Android malware detection. It involves examining the permissions requested by an application to access sensitive data or perform potentially malicious actions. In recent years, various machine…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Ahmed Sabbah , Radi Jarrar , Samer Zein , David Mohaisen

Malware detection in real-world settings must deal with evolving threats, limited labeling budgets, and uncertain predictions. Traditional classifiers, without additional mechanisms, struggle to maintain performance under concept drift in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Shae McFadden , Myles Foley , Mario D'Onghia , Chris Hicks , Vasilios Mavroudis , Nicola Paoletti , Fabio Pierazzi

We report the findings of a reimplementation of 18 foundational studies in feature-based machine learning for Android malware detection, published during the period 2013-2023. These studies are reevaluated on a level playing field using a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Ali Muzaffar , Hani Ragab Hassen , Hind Zantout , Michael A Lones

Malware is a major threat to computer systems and imposes many challenges to cyber security. Targeted threats, such as ransomware, cause millions of dollars in losses every year. The constant increase of malware infections has been…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-08-23 Fabrício Ceschin , Marcus Botacin , Heitor Murilo Gomes , Felipe Pinagé , Luiz S. Oliveira , André Grégio

The growing popularity of Android requires malware detection systems that can keep up with the pace of new software being released. According to a recent study, a new piece of malware appears online every 12 seconds. To address this, we…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Ali Muzaffar , Hani Ragab Hassen , Hind Zantout , Michael A Lones

As the smartphone market leader, Android has been a prominent target for malware attacks. The number of malicious applications (apps) identified for it has increased continually over the past decade, creating an immense challenge for all…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Masoud Mehrabi Koushki , Ibrahim AbuAlhaol , Anandharaju Durai Raju , Yang Zhou , Ronnie Salvador Giagone , Huang Shengqiang

In applying deep learning for malware classification, it is crucial to account for the prevalence of malware evolution, which can cause trained classifiers to fail on drifted malware. Existing solutions to address concept drift use active…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Adrian Shuai Li , Arun Iyengar , Ashish Kundu , Elisa Bertino

Malware classification in dynamic environments presents a significant challenge due to concept drift, where the statistical properties of malware data evolve over time, complicating detection efforts. To address this issue, we propose a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Bishwajit Prasad Gond , Durga Prasad Mohapatra

Malware for Android is becoming increasingly dangerous to the safety of mobile devices and the data they hold. Although machine learning(ML) techniques have been shown to be effective at detecting malware for Android, a comprehensive…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Md Naseef-Ur-Rahman Chowdhury , Ahshanul Haque , Hamdy Soliman , Mohammad Sahinur Hossen , Tanjim Fatima , Imtiaz Ahmed

It is well-known that Android malware constantly evolves so as to evade detection. This causes the entire malware population to be non-stationary. Contrary to this fact, most of the prior works on Machine Learning based Android malware…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-07-07 Annamalai Narayanan , Mahinthan Chandramohan , Lihui Chen , Yang Liu

For the dramatic increase of Android malware and low efficiency of manual check process, deep learning methods started to be an auxiliary means for Android malware detection these years. However, these models are highly dependent on the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-09-10 Ji Wang , Qi Jing , Jianbo Gao

Machine learning-based Android malware classifiers achieve high accuracy in stationary environments but struggle with concept drift. The rapid evolution of malware, especially with new families, can depress classification accuracy to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Yiling He , Junchi Lei , Zhan Qin , Kui Ren , Chun Chen

Concept drift refers to gradual or sudden changes in the properties of data that affect the accuracy of machine learning models. In this paper, we address the problem of concept drift detection in the malware domain. Specifically, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Aniket Mishra , Mark Stamp

The impressive growth of smartphone devices in combination with the rising ubiquity of using mobile platforms for sensitive applications such as Internet banking, have triggered a rapid increase in mobile malware. In recent literature, many…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-20 Harris Papadopoulos , Nestoras Georgiou , Charalambos Eliades , Andreas Konstantinidis

The rise in popularity of the Android platform has resulted in an explosion of malware threats targeting it. As both Android malware and the operating system itself constantly evolve, it is very challenging to design robust malware…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-11-21 Enrico Mariconti , Lucky Onwuzurike , Panagiotis Andriotis , Emiliano De Cristofaro , Gordon Ross , Gianluca Stringhini

Machine learning (ML)-based Android malware detection has been one of the most popular research topics in the mobile security community. An increasing number of research studies have demonstrated that machine learning is an effective and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-05 Yue Liu , Chakkrit Tantithamthavorn , Li Li , Yepang Liu

Machine learning-based malware detection dominates current security defense approaches for Android apps. However, due to the evolution of Android platforms and malware, existing such techniques are widely limited by their need for constant…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-11-03 Haipeng Cai

Android malware detectors often degrade after deployment because of concept drift, while full retraining at each maintenance step is costly. We propose a chronological adaptive maintenance framework that models deployment-time maintenance…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Ahmed Sabbah , Mohammad Kharma , Mohammad Alkhanafseh , Radi Jarrar , Samer Zein , David Mohaisen